POPE MICHAEL TIMELINE
1958 (October 9): Pope Pius XII nwụrụ.
1959 (January 25): Poopu ọhụrụ ahụ, John XXIII, kwupụtara ebumnobi ya ịkpọ otu kansụl izugbe na Rome.
1959 (Septemba 2). David Bawden mụrụ na Oklahoma City.
1962–1965: E mere ọgbakọ Vatican nke abụọ na Rome.
1969 (Eprel 5): Pope Paul VI kpọsara usoro iwu Mass ọhụrụ nke Rome, nke a na-akpọkarị Novus Ordo.
1970: Achịbishọp France bụ Marcel Lefebvre tọrọ ntọala otu omenala nke St. Pius X (SSPX).
1970–1973: Missal Roman ọhụrụ ahụ, nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ obodo, ejiri nke nta nke nta mejuputa ya n'ụwa nile nke Katọlik, na-amachi oke ohere nke iji Order nke Mass tupu enwee nkwekọrịta.
1972: Ezinụlọ Bawden kwụsịrị ịga Novus Ordo parishes wee chọọ Mass, nke ndị ụkọchukwu omenala, gụnyere ndị ụkọchukwu si SSPX kwuru.
1973: Onye Jesuit Mexico nke a chụpụrụ Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga bipụtara Sede Vacante, na-arụ ụka na Pọl nke Isii abụghị poopu ziri ezi nakwa na e kwesịrị inwe mgbakọ ọhụrụ.
1976 (May 22): Archbishọp Lefebvre kwadoro David Bawden na Stafford, Texas.
1977 (September): A nabatara Bawden na seminarị SSPX na Ecône, Switzerland.
1978 (January): E zigara Bawden site na Ecône gaa na seminarị SSPX na Armada, Michigan.
1978 (December): A chụrụ Bawden na seminarị
1979: Ezinụlọ Bawden kwagara St Marys, Kansas, ebe David Bawden rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ SSPX.
1981 (March): Bawden kwụsịrị ọrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ wee hapụ SSPX.
1981–1983: Archbishọp Vietnamese Pierre Martin Ngo-Dinh Thuc doro ndị bishọp sedevacantist nsọ ndị, n’aka ha, doo ndị bishọp ndị ọzọ nsọ maka ọrụ na United States.
1983 (26 Disemba): David Bawden bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-arụ ụka na ọ dịghị otu n'ime òtù ọdịnala nyere sacraments dị mma n'ihi na ha enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị.
1985: Bawden dere "Ikike n'oge nnukwu ndapụ n'ezi ofufe," na-emepe echiche ya banyere enweghị nkwado sacramental na omenala omenala.
1987: Bawden malitere ikwenye na mgbakọ ọhụrụ ga-ekwe omume.
1988: Bawden nyochara, ma ruo oge ụfọdụ kwere na nkwupụta na Kadịnal Giuseppe Siri ka a họpụtara popu na 1963 conclave mana a manyere ya ịjụ.
1989 (March 25): Bawden kwere nkwa ịrụ ọrụ maka ntuli aka nke popu.
1989 (Mee): N'ịbụ nke dabere na ihe odide mbụ, Teresa Stanfill Benns na David Bawden malitere ịkwadebe akwụkwọ ebe a kọwapụtara ikpe maka mgbakọ ahụ.
1990 (January): Benns na Bawden bipụtara Ụka Katọlik ọ̀ ga-alanarị narị afọ nke iri abụọ? E kesara ya ndị ụkọchukwu na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na ndị nkịtị na-akpọ maka ntuli aka popu.
1990 (Julaị 16): Enwere ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na ndị ntuli aka isii na Belvue, Kansas. A họpụtara Bawden ka ọ bụrụ poopu, na-ewere Michael I dị ka aha papal ya. E hiwere Vatican dị n'ala ọzọ.
1993: Ezinụlọ Bawden kwagara Delia, Kansas.
2000: Pope Michael malitere ozi ịntanetị na-arụsi ọrụ ike.
2006: Otu a haziri nchichi na idoju anya nke Pope Michael, mana emume a kagburu obere oge tupu mmemme ahụ emee.
2007: Teresa Benns na mmadụ abụọ ndị ọzọ sonyere na 1990 conclave hapụrụ, na-akatọ nkwado nke ntuli aka na, n'ihi ya, Bawden papal na-ekwu.
2011 (December 9-10): Bishọp Katọlik nweere onwe ya Robert Biarnesen chiri Pope Michael, onye ụkọchukwu, doo ya nsọ dị ka bishọp, ma kpuwe ya okpueze.
2013: Pope Michael kwagara Topeka, Kansas.
2022: (August 2): Pope Michael nwụrụ na Kansas City.
2023 (July 29): Archbishọp Rogelio del Rosario Martínez ka a họpụtara onye ga-anọchi anya Pope Michael na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ dị na Vienna. Ọ were Michael II dị ka aha papal ya.
FOUNTER / GROUP HISTORY
David Bawden (1959–2022) ka a họpụtara Pope Michael I na ọgbakọ 1990 na Kansas. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Ọ bụghị onye mbụ ma ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ ghọrọ onye ọzọ popu n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ. E nweela ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-azọrọ na ha bụ ezigbo onye ndú nke Chọọchị Katọlik, ọ bụghị popu a kasị mara amara na Rom. N’ozuzu, ha na-arụ ụka na anyị bi n’oge ndapụ n’ezi ofufe n’ozuzu nakwa na chọọchị nke oge a, karịsịa mgbe Kansụl Vatican nke Abụọ gasịrị (1962–1965), enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ezi okpukpe Katọlik. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị pontiff Rome kacha ọhụrụ bụ antipopes na ndị isi nke okpukpe ọhụrụ na-abụghị nke Katọlik (cf. Lundberg 2020 na nke na-abịanụ). Ọtụtụ ndị poopu ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na a họpụtara ha site na ntinye aka nke eluigwe, na David Bawden bụ onye mbụ họpụtara na nnọkọ ọzọ. Ọ zọọrọ ponti afọ iri atọ na abụọ, na-edu obere ìgwè ndị na-eso ụzọ.
Kansụl Vatican nke Abụọ (nzukọ nke ihe karịrị ndị bishọp 2000) bụ ihe arụrụ arụ kachasị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme Katọlik ọgbara ọhụrụ. Pope John XXIII (1881–1963) kpọrọ ndị bishọp ahụ nnọkọ ogologo oge anọ malite na 1962 ruo 1965. N'ikpeazụ, Pope Paul VI (1897–1978) wepụtara akwụkwọ ikpeazụ.
Dị ka John XXIII si kwuo, a ga-etinye kansụl ahụ n'okwu aggiornomento (Ịtali maka "imelite"). N'oge nnọkọ nke conciliar, ndị bishọp rụrịtara ụka ọtụtụ ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe etiti: mkpughe, ụka na njikọ ya na ọha ọgbara ọhụrụ, liturgy, ozi, agụmakwụkwọ, nnwere onwe okpukperechi, ecumenism, mmekọrịta nke ndị na-abụghị Ndị Kraịst, na ọrụ nke ndị bishọp, ndị ụkọchukwu, okpukperechi na ndị nkịtị. Ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa ha dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ikpeazụ dị nnọọ iche na schemata mbụ (drafts) nke kọmitii nkwadebe nyere ndị nna nwere nkwekọrịta. Mgbanwe ndị ahụ bịara buru ibu karịa ka a tụrụ anya na mbụ.
N'oge kansụl ahụ, e nwere obere ìgwè ndị a na-akpọ ndị bishọp omenala na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe bụ ndị na-emegide ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị ahụ ma ọ bụ obere. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikpeazụ. Ọbụlagodi n'ihe gbasara nke ukwuu Dignitatis mmadu, Nkwupụta Kansụl Maka Nnwere Onwe Okpukpe, n’ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nanị pasentị atọ n’ime ihe karịrị ndị bishọp 2,300 bịara ịtụ vootu megide ya. (Maka ihe omumu zuru oke banyere nchikota na esemokwu na Vatican II, lee O'Malley 2008).
Iwuli elu na Sacrosanctum Concilium, Iwu Kansụl na Liturgy, na 1969, Popu Paul nke Isii kpọsara usoro iwu Mass ọhụrụ nke ndị Rom, nke a na-akpọkarị Novus Ordo. Ọ nọchiri nsụgharị 1962 nke ihe a na-akpọ Tridentine Mass, bụ́ nke Pope Pius V nyere iwu na 1570. N’oge na-adịghị anya, a sụgharịrị Missal ọhụrụ ahụ n’ọtụtụ asụsụ obodo ma malite n’ọrụ n’ụwa nile malite na 1970 gaa n’ihu. Ndị ụkọchukwu aghaghị ịnakwere akwụkwọ okpukpe ọhụrụ ahụ, na ohere nke ikwu Mas dị ka ememe ochie si dị na-esiwanye ike ma, ma e wezụga ole na ole, ọ gaghị ekwe omume.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị Katọlik nabatara ma ọ bụ, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, nakweere mgbanwe ndị ahụ, ìgwè ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nkịtị, site na njedebe 1960s gaa n'ihu, nwere mmetụta na a raara ya nye ma gbagwojuru ya anya site na mmepe nke nkwekọ gachara. Usoro ọhụrụ nke Mass, gụnyere iji asụsụ obodo eme ihe, bụ mgbanwe pụtara ìhè nke ndị Katọlik nkịtị hụrụ. Ndị mmegide kwuru na Novus Ordo gbanwere n'ụzọ bụ́ isi àgwà ịchụ àjà nke Mass. Ụfọdụ na-eche otú ndị bishọp, karịsịa pontif ndị Rom, pụrụ isi kwado mgbanwe ndị ha chere na ọ megidere ozizi ndị Katọlik ọdịnala. (Na omenala post-conciliar na mgbanwe Mass, lee, eg, Cuneo 1997 na Airiau 2009).
Na 1959, n'otu afọ ahụ John XXIII kpọrọ ihe a ga-akpọ Council Vatican nke Abụọ, David Allen Bawden, pope Michael n'ọdịnihu, a mụrụ na Oklahoma City. Nne ya, Clara ("Tickie"), [Foto dị n'aka nri] bụ nwa nwa Katọlik, ebe nna ya, Kennett, bụ onye gbanwere na Protestantism. Ezinụlọ ahụ nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị parish, ma David Bawden nwere mmetụta n'oge mbụ maka ọkwa nchụaja.
N'ime ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya edere, Pope Michael na-akọwa mwepu nke ezinụlọ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ụlọ ụka mgbe e mesịrị. Ka ọ na-erule n’etiti afọ 1960, ụfọdụ ndị parish, gụnyere ndị mụrụ ya, achọpụtawo mgbanwe n’ime nkwusa na ozizi nke katkizim. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe bịara pụta ìhè karịa ka ọ na-erule 1971, mgbe e webatara Novus Ordo. (Ọ bụrụ na ekwughị ya ọzọ, akụkọ ndụ Bawden na mmepe otu ya dabere na Pope Michael 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013a, 2013b, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2020.)
N'ọgwụgwụ 1972, ndị Bawden kpebiri na ha agaghị aga ụlọ ụka Novus Ordo ọzọ, kama ịgakwuru ndị ụkọchukwu na-ekwu naanị Mass ọdịnala. Ka ọ na-erule 1973, ndị Bawden zutere ndị ụkọchukwu sitere na Society nke St. Pius X (SSPX) tọrọ ntọala ọhụrụ na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa. Dịka otu ndị omenaala ndị ọzọ, Society enweghị ọnụnọ na-adịgide adịgide na Oklahoma, ndị ụkọchukwu si Texas bịakwara ikwu Mass n’ụlọ ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Bawden (cf. Daily Oklahoman, Julaị 22, 1978).
E hiwere SSPX na 1970 site n'aka Archbishọp French Marcel Lefebvre (1905–1991), onye na-akawanye nkatọ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ. Ọhụụ mbụ ya bụ ịkụziri ndị seminarị kwesịrị ịga n'ihu na-ekwu na etiti Tridentine Mass. SSPX dị na Switzerland Ecône. Society nwetara ikike nwa oge site n'aka bishọp obodo ma n'oge na-adịghị anya dọtara ọtụtụ ndị seminarị. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ma ndị diọcesị na ndị ọchịchị popu na-ahụ maka ọrụ ha. Na 1974, Lefebvre dere nkwupụta ebe ọ hụrụ Vatican II na mmepe nke post-conciliar dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke "neo-Modernist na neo-Protestant ọchịchọ," n'ụzọ dị iche na "Rome Ebighị Ebi, Nwunye nke amamihe na eziokwu."
N'afọ 1975, diocese ahụ kpebiri na ha agaghị emeghachi ọkwa SSPX, nye Lefebvre iwu ka ọ gbasaa nzukọ ahụ, ma popu baara ya mba n'ihu ọha, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-anụbeghị. Amachibidoro Lefebvre nke ọma ịhọpụta ndị ụkọchukwu maka SSPX. Otú ọ dị, o mere otú ahụ ma kwụsịtụrụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mkpebi nke diocese na Holy See, ọrụ SSPX gara n'ihu ma tolite na France, Switzerland na Germany, ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na United States, bụ ebe ha mepere seminarị na Armada, Michigan, na 1974, na e guzobere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Lefebvre na-akatọ nke ukwuu maka mmepe n'ihu ọha na nkuzi nke Pope Paul VI. Na 1976, o zoro aka na Novus Ordo dị ka “Mas bastard,” na ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe o kwupụtaghị hoo haa ma ọ bụ Paul VI ma ọ bụ John Paul nke Abụọ poopu ndị jụrụ okwukwe, o kwuru na popu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ime mkpebi dị otú ahụ. (Na Lefebvre na SSPX, lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sudlow 2017 na, maka echiche ime, lee Tissier de Mallerais 2002).
Otú ọ dị, ìgwè ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu, na-azọrọ na Pọl nke Isii bụ onye jụrụ okwukwe na onye na-emegide popu pụtara ìhè; ya mere, Holy See nwere ohere, ọnọdụ nke emechara mara dị ka sedevacantism. Otu onye nkwado oge mbụ bụ Francis K. Schuckardt (1937–2006), onye, site na ngwụcha 1960s gawa, gara United States na-akatọ Council Vatican nke Abụọ na Novus Ordo, na-ekwu na Paul VI bụ poopu ụgha. A bịara mara ndị otu ya dị ka Agha Crusade Fatima. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbe bishọp Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya nyefere Schuckardt nsọ na 1971, a na-akpọkarị ya Tridentine Latin Rite Church, n'agbanyeghị na a ghọtara ya dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụghị ihe ọzọ. na Ụka Katọlik. N'ịbụ ndị nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị na Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, na mgbe e mesịrị na Spokane, Washington, ha gụrụ ọtụtụ puku ndị òtù na nnukwu obodo okpukpe. (Na Schuckardt, lee Cuneo 1997:102–13).
Onye ọzọ na-akọwapụta onye ntọhapụ nke mbụ bụ onye Jesuit Mexico Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga (1899–1976). N'ọtụtụ ederede e dere na mmalite 1970s, o kwupụtara Paul VI onye jụrụ okwukwe pụtara ìhè, mgbochi pope, na ọbụna onye àmà na-egosi. Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ọhụrụ iji dozie nsogbu ahụ, gaa Rom ịkọwara ndị Kadịnal ọdịnala a ma ama ọnọdụ ya mana o nwetaghị nkwado, wee gbalịa ime ka ndị bishọp nwere echiche ọdịnala kwenye. (Na Sáenz y Arriaga, lee Pacheco 2007).
Dị ka Bawden si kwuo, na May 22, 1976, mgbe ọ na-aga Stafford, Texas, Sáenz y Arriaga zutere Archbishọp Marcel Lefebvre ka o kwupụta okwu ya. Nke ikpeazụ ewereghị ọnọdụ sedevacantist ma ọ bụ mkpa maka mgbakọ ọhụrụ. Otu ụbọchị ndị omenala abụọ ahụ zutere, Lefebvre kwadoro David Bawden. Dị ka akaebe Bawden mechara, ebe ahụ jupụtara na asịrị banyere ajụjụ papal na ohere nke mgbakọ ọhụrụ. Nsogbu dị ná nkwuwa okwu a bụ na Sáenz y Arriaga nwụrụ ná ngwụsị April 1976. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe Bawden kwuru hoo haa na ya ezutewo Sáenz y Arriaga kama o kwuru na ndị ụkọchukwu abụọ ọzọ nọ na Mexico nọ na ya. Nke ahụ ga-ekwe omume, ma emesịa obodo ndị dị na Stafford ga-atụgharị gaa n'ọnọdụ sedevacantist. Ihe doro anya bụ na Sáenz y Arriaga na Lefebvre zutere, ma nke ahụ bụ na France na 1973.
Na 1977, gbara afọ iri na asatọ, Bawden nabatara na seminarị SSPX na Switzerland Ecône, na-amalite ọmụmụ ya maka ọkwa nchụaja. Ihe ngwọta sitere n'okike, ebe ọ na-amaghị French, bụ ịgụ akwụkwọ na seminarị SSPX na Armada, ma a gwara ya na ọ jupụtara. N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na mbido 1978, e zigara ya ebe ahụ (cf. Oklahoman kwa ụbọchị, Julaị 22, 1978).
A tụlere ajụjụ ndị papal na ohere ohere nke nwere ike ime n'ime SSPX. Bawden kwuru na na 1977, ọ nụrụ ka otu ụkọchukwu SSPX na-ekwupụta n'ihu ọha na Holy See enweghị ohere nakwa na otu ụbọchị a ga-ahọpụta popu. Dị ka Bawden si kwuo, na mmalite 1980s, ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu SSPX na United States bụ de facto sedevacantists. Ha chere na Lefebvre bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na kọntaktị ya na Holy See, ọkachasị mgbe ntuli aka nke John Paul II (1920–2005). Ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu hapụrụ ma ọ bụ chụpụrụ na SSPX n'ihi na ha nwere echiche ndị na-enweghị isi, na-ajụ ikpe ekpere maka popu na Mass, na-achọghị iji Missal 1962, nke John XXIII degharịrị, ma rapaara na mbipụta tupu 1955. (Na sedevacantism, lee Airiau 2014. Maka US n'ime echiche, Lee Cekada 2008).
Ọnụnọ David Bawden na seminarị SSPX dị na Armada ga-adị nkenke, na na njedebe nke 1978, a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ. N'ihe odide ya ndị ọzọ, Bawden na-ekwu na e nyeghị ya ihe kpatara mkpebi ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gara nke ọma ịrịọ Marcel Lefebvre, onye kwuru na a ga-anabataghachi ya na otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị SSPX, n'ikpeazụ, ọ bụghị.
N'afọ 1979, ezinụlọ Bawden kwagara St. Marys, Kansas, bụ obere obodo nke ghọrọ otu n'ime isi ụlọ ọrụ SSPX. N'ebe ahụ, David Bawden na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke SSPX meghere na nso nso a. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na March 1981. N'ihe odide o mesịrị dee, Bawden kwuru na ya zutere ọtụtụ "ihe na-adịghị Katọlik na-eme" ma họrọ ịpụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ gbahapụrụ SSPX nke ọma.
Ọtụtụ ezinaụlọ kwagara St. Marys ịchọ ebe ndị omenaala na-anọ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ha katọọ onye isi mpaghara SSPX, onye bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ma na-agbagha ndabere akụ na ụba ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ụfọdụ n’ime ndị ahụ a na-enyeghị ikike hapụrụ obodo ahụ, ebe ndị ọzọ nọrọ. Dị ka akụkọ e bipụtara na Kpakpando Kansas City na 1982, onye ka elu chụpụrụ ọtụtụ ezinụlọ, gụnyere ndị Bawden, ịbanye n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ma machibido ha ịnata sacrament n'aka onye ụkọchukwu ọ bụla (Kpakpando Kansas City, Eprel 18 na 19, 1982).
N'ịhapụ ọrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, David Bawden mere ndụ dị ka, dịka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ, onye na-emepụta ngwá ụlọ, na onye nkuzi ụlọ. N'ịchọpụta na ọ ga-esi ike ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik n'ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, Bawden gakwuuru ndị ụkọchukwu ọdịnala dị iche iche, na-achọ ndụmọdụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, dị ka o si kwuo, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-abịa. N’otu oge ahụ, ọ gbasoro ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe n’onwe ya, na-achịkọta nnukwu nchịkọta akwụkwọ ochie nke Katọlik, ọkachasị site na ọba akwụkwọ seminarị mechiri emechi (cf. De Moines Deba aha, Nọvemba 4, 1990).
Na mbido 1980s, ọnọdụ ọdịnala na United States gbanwere ka ọtụtụ ndị otu sedevacantist nwetara ndị bishọp nke ha. Archbishọp Vietnamese Pierre Martin Ngo-din Thuc (1897–1984), onye biriworo na ndọrọ n’agha na Europe afọ iri abụọ, gara n’ihu dịka onye nchụ-aja. Ndị bishọp Thuc edoro nsọ site na 1976 gaa n’ihu bụ otu dị iche iche, mana o nyere ndị nọchitere anya ndị ozi n’obere mmadụ ole na ole, ndị nwere ike echi ndị ụkọchukwu na ido ndị bishọp nsọ. Na 1982, Thuc-bishọp Mexico Moisés Carmona-Rivera (1912–1991) doro George J.Musey (1928–1992), onye, n'aka nke ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka o doo anya ozugbo, Louis Vezelis (1930–2013), onye bishọp.
Thuc dokwara Michel Louis Guérard des Lauriers (1898–1988), bụ onye ji ọnọdụ dịtụ iche, nke a na-akpọkarị sedeprivationism. O kwuru na a họpụtara poopu ahụ n’ụzọ ziri ezi nakwa na ‘Onye Nsọ ji ihe onwunwe n’ahụ́,’ ma ebe ọ bụ na popu a họpụtara bụ onye jụrụ okwukwe, ọ bụghị “nwere n’ụzọ nkịtị.” Ọ dịghị ezi poopu, ma ọ ga-aghọ otu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ jụ ozizi ụgha ya ma kwupụta ezi okpukpe Katọlik. Laurier doro Robert Fidelis McKenna (1927–2015), onye bishọp na-arụsi ọrụ ike na United States. (Na Thuc na nchuaja ya, lee Jarvis 2018a, cf. Boyle 2007a).
Na mbido 1980s, ajụjụ gbasara ohere ị ga-enwe ike ịpụta bụ Paul VI na ndị nọchiri ya na ma a họpụtabeghị ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ dabara na ịjụ okwukwe mgbe ntuli aka ha gasịrị. N'oge a, nkwado nke papacy nke John XXIII abụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama, ọ bụrụgodị na ndị omenala na-akatọ ọtụtụ ozizi ya ma na-ewere ya na ọ dịkarịa ala dị ka poopu na-enyo enyo. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ kwenyere na a họpụtaghị ya nke ọma nakwa na ọ dịghị ezigbo popu mgbe Pius XII nwụsịrị na 1958 (Airiau 2014).
Na Disemba 26, 1983, Bawden dere akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-arụ ụka na ndị ụkọchukwu omenala na-elekọta sacrament na-enweghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị na ikike popu dị mkpa. Ọfịs ha funahụrụ ha, a chụrụkwa ha n'ọrụ. N’oge nnukwu ndapụ n’ezi ofufe, e nwere oge a na-agaghị eme emume sacrament, gụnyere Mass. N'ihi ya, Bawden kewapụrụ onwe ya na òtù ọdịnala, na 1985, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ n'otu okwu ahụ, na-enye nkọwa ndị ọzọ. (E bipụtaghachiri akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ na, dịka, Pope Michael 2013b).
N'afọ 1988, Bawden nụrụ banyere akụkọ na a họpụtara Kadịnal Giuseppe Siri (1906–1989), achịbishọp nke Genua na ọgbakọ 1963 na-ewere aha papal Gregory XVII. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'ihi iyi egwu Zionist, Masonic, na Communist, a gbochiri ya ịnakwere ọkwa. Kama, Kadịnal Montini (Paul VI) ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ ya.
Kadịnal Siri bụ obere ndị omenaala French na ndị mmadụ kwenyesiri ike na United States na mbụ wepụta ya. Na 1988, Peter Tran Van Khoat, bụ́ onye Vietnam nke bi na Port Arthur, Texas, ma sị na ya bụ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik gara Rom iji nyochaa okwu ahụ. N'oge nzukọ ha, Siri ekwughị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ntuli aka ahụ kama ọ na-ekwu maka nkwa ịgbachi nkịtị. Na 1988, Bawden gara Khoat ikwu banyere ya ma nọrọ oge ụfọdụ n'ọgbakọ ya. N'ihe odide ya mechara, Bawden wedara mmasị ya na tesis Siri, mana na akwụkwọ ozi sitere na 1988, o dere na ya kwenyere na Siri bụ popu na ga-edo onwe ya n'okpuru ikike ya. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, Siri nwụrụ n'afọ 1989 n'ebughị ụzọ kwuo na ọ bụ papacy. (Na Siri tesis, lee Cuneo 1997:85-86; maka ihe akaebe nke echiche Bawden na 1988, lee Hobson 2008).
Site na mmalite 1980s, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na obere ìgwè dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke Atlantic kpọrọ oku maka mgbakọ iji weghachi ikike nke papal; a maara ha dị ka conclavists. Na 1987, Bawden kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-ekwe omume, na ọbụna dị mkpa, ịkpọkọta nnọkọ, gụnyere ndị nkịtị. Na March 25, 1989, o kwere nkwa ịrụ ọrụ maka nhọpụta nke popu:
Anyị na-ejikọta onwe anyị site na nkwa a na anyị ga-etinye mgbalị niile anyị na-eme iji nweta ntuli aka nke popu iji kwụsị Sede Vacante ugbu a. Anyị agaghị etinye onwe anyị na nchụso nke ụwa, kama anyị ga-achụso ala-eze gị kama ruo mgbe arụchara ọrụ ahụ.
Na May 1989, Bawden na enyi ya Teresa Stanfill Benns malitere ịchịkọta usoro nke mbụ na ederede ọhụrụ na-egosi ikpe maka mgbakọ; Benns bụ onye edemede bụ isi. Nsonaazụ bụ akwụkwọ nwere nnukwu aha aha ya Ụka Katọlik ọ̀ ga-alanarị narị afọ nke iri abụọ? [Foto dị n'aka nri] E bipụtara ya na Jenụwarị 1990 wee zigara ndị ụkọchukwu sedevacantist a ma ama na ndị nkịtị nọ na North America, Europe, na ebe ndị ọzọ. N’ozuzu, e kesara ihe dị ka narị abụọ n’ihe karịrị mba iri abụọ.
Isi ihe dị n’akwụkwọ ahụ bụ arụmụka na ndị Holy See nwere ohere malite n’afọ 1958 gaa n’ihu, na o nweghị ndị kadịnal ziri ezi, nakwa na ndị bishọp na ndị ụkọchukwu nọ ugbu a enweghị ikike. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, chọọchị ahụ enweghị ntụpọ; ọ ga-adị ruo ọgwụgwụ. Enwere ike ịgbatị oghere sede mana ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ si kwuo, enwere ike, ya mere, ọ bụ ọrụ maka obere ndị fọdụrụnụ, gụnyere ndị nkịtị, ịhọrọ popu. Otú ọ dị, tupu mgbe ahụ, ha aghaghị ịkwado ọnọdụ ịjụ okwukwe ha ma kwupụta ezi okpukpe Katọlik. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha nwere ike ịga n'ihu na ntuli aka ahụ. (Maka nkọwapụta, lee NKWUKWU/OKWE).
Ihe dị ka ọkara afọ ka e bipụtasịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, na 16, 1990, e nwere mgbakọ ahụ na ụlọ ahịa ihe ndị Kennett Bawden dị na obere obodo Belvue, Kansas. Ihe ka nnọọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ná ndị natara akwụkwọ ahụ echedịghị echiche ịbịa, ma otu obere ìgwè gosipụtara mmasị. N'ikpeazụ, naanị iri na otu bịarutere. N'ịhụ na mgbakọ ahụ e mere atụmatụ ga-adị nnọọ nta, ụfọdụ gbalịrị ịkwụsị usoro ahụ. (Maka mgbagha mgbagha sitere n'aka onye nọ ya mana ọ họọrọ ịghara ịga nzukọ ahụ, lee Henry 1998).
N'ikpeazụ, mmadụ asatọ gbakọtara maka mgbakọ ahụ, nke isii n'ime ha bụ ndị ntuli aka, ndị ọzọ bụ ụmụaka: David Bawden, nne na nna ya, Teresa Benns, na di na nwunye si Minnesota. A họpụtara Bawden na ntuli aka mbụ, na-anabata ụlọ ọrụ ma were Michael I dị ka aha papal ya. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ US kọrọ gbasara ihe omume ahụ pụrụ iche: na e nwere otu ndị na-ekwu na ezigbo popu anọghị na Rom kama na obere obodo Kansas (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Manhattan Mercury, Julaị 19, 1990; Kansas City Star, Julaị 23, 1990; Wichita Eagle, Julaị 290, 199; Macon Telegraph na akụkọ, Ọgọst 7, 1990; na The Miami Herald, Ọgọst 17, 1990).
Site na ntuli aka nke ndị popu, e si na Rome kpọpụ ndị Nsọ ahụ wee ghọọ Vatican nke dị n'ala ọzọ, nke dị n'ebe popu bi. Ndị na-eso ụzọ ahụ kweere na e weghachirila ikike ndị popu, ma ọ pụtaghị na e chiri Bawden echichi. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, o nwere olile anya na ụfọdụ ndị bishọp ndị Katọlik bụ́ ndị bi n'azụ ákwà mgbochi ígwè ma ọ bụ na China ekereghị òkè na Vatican nke Abụọ ma ọ dịghị mgbe ha mere ememe sacrament dị ka ụdị ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị. Ọ tụrụ anya na otu n’ime ha ga-echi ya echichi (cf. The Miami Herald, Ọgọstụ 17, 1990).
Ya na nne na nna ya, Pope Michael si na St. Marys na 1993 wee biri afọ iri abụọ na Delia, obodo dị nso na Topeka, Kansas, nke e zigara Vatican na Exile. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ nọgidere na-eji akwụkwọ ozi na fon na-akpakọrịta na obere ìgwè ndị òtù ya. Baabi wɔ afe 1995 mu, na bere nyinaa asomfo no hyiam.
Na 2000, Pope Michael malitere ozi ịntanetị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-ewu ọtụtụ weebụsaịtị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eso ụzọ nọgidere na-adị ala, ọ bụ nanị ole na ole iri na abụọ, ọ bịara mara ya nke ọma site na weebụsaịtị. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ime ndị ọbịa ahụ hụrụ nzọrọ ndị popu dị ka ihe ọchị, òtù ndị na-akwado Pope Michael ghọrọ otu mba dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị si, dịka, Europe, Eshia, na America. (Otu n'ime ederede ole na ole e bipụtara gbasara Pope Michael na mmalite 2000s bụ Frank 2004:217–24).
N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ihe karịrị afọ iri na ise ka e mesịrị nhọpụta ya, e chiri Pope Michael echichi n’agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịsiri ike chọọ onye bishọp Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya bụ́ onye nwere ike inye ya onye nọchiri anya ndị ozi dị mkpa. N'afọ 2006, a gwara onye odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke papal na mgbe o nyechara ikike nke popu, onye bishọp Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya nke usoro ọmụmụ Mathew Harris ga-ahọpụta Pope Michael onye ụkọchukwu, doo ya nsọ dị ka bishọp, ma mee ememe ncheta popu (Mascarenhas 2006). N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a gbahapụrụ atụmatụ ndị ahụ n'oge ikpeazụ.
Na 2007, Teresa Benns na Hunt di na nwunye bụ ndị keere òkè na 1990 conclave hapụrụ Pope Michael's ikike, na-ebo ya ebubo ịjụ okwukwe, ma kwubie na ha abụghị ezigbo ndị ntuli aka nakwa na Bawden abụghị ezi poopu. Ya mere, nanị ndị fọdụrụ ná mgbakọ 1990 bụ popu na nne ya. Na 2009, Teresa Benns, di na nwunye Hunt, na ndị ọzọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa na-achọ ka David Bawden hapụ nkwupụta ụgha papal ya (Benns 2007; Benns 2009 na Benns et al. 2009).
Na 2007, ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri atọ sitere na Mahadum Notre Dame mere obere ihe nkiri banyere Pope Michael (South Bend Tribune, Jenụwarị 20, 2008). Dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ọrụ ahụ, otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, Adam Fairfield, chepụtara ihe nkiri ihe nkiri dị ogologo. Dị ka nkwadebe, ọ gara leta Pope Michael n'ụlọ ya n'oge dị iche iche na 2008 na 2009. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ihe ngosi nke were awa na ọkara. Pope Michael, nke mere ka a mara pontiff Kansan na okirikiri sara mbara. [Foto dị n'aka nri] O nwere ụda nkwanye ùgwù, na-ekwe ka pontiff kọwaa nkwupụta ya, na-agbaso ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị na nkuzi ya nke ndị seminarị ole na ole (Pope Michael 2010).
Obere oge ka ewepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ, na Disemba 2011, Pope Michael bụ onye bishọp Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya bụ Robert Biarnesen mechara chie ya echichi ma dokwa ya nsọ mgbe o nyechara ikike nke popu. Emebere Biarnesen ka ọ bụrụ bishọp naanị otu ọnwa gara aga ma kwuo na ọ nọchiri anya ndịozi ya site n'usoro ọmụmụ Duarte Costa na Mathew Harris. (Na Duarte Costa na usoro ọmụmụ ya, Lee Jarvis 2018b, cf. Boyle 2007b. Maka Biarnesen, Leekwa [“Database of Independent Bishops”])
Na 2013, David Bawden kwagara Topeka, Kansas. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ozi ya n'ịntanetị n'ọtụtụ webụsaịtị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, www.pope-michael.com, www.vacaninexile.com, na www.pope-speaks.com). Ihe ndị dị na webụsaịtị ahụ gụnyere akwụkwọ na akụkọ banyere ozizi nduhie ndị antipopes nke oge a na-akụzi na ịgbachitere nzọrọ ọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ popu, kamakwa n'ozuzu echiche ime mmụọ. Site na 2016 gaa n'ihu, otu ahụ bipụtara Osisi Olive, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Pope Michael nwekwara akaụntụ Facebook nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ na ọwa Youtube, na-ekesa vidiyo ọhụrụ mgbe niile. Ihe dị n'ime ya gụnyere azịza ajụjụ na okwu nkuzi dị nkenke. A na-agbasakwa okwuchukwu na Mass.
Pope Michael na ezigbo onye otu ya Fr. Francis Dominic, onye e chiri echichi n'afọ 2018. malitere St. Helen Catholic Mission - St. Helen Catholic Church na Topeka. A na-agbasa masses, okwuchukwu, na ihe katechetical sitere na ụlọ ụka site na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na webụsaịtị (webụsaịtị Saint Helen Catholic Mission).
Na mbido Julaị 2022, Pope Michael nwetara ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ wee were ịwa ahụ mberede. Na mbụ, ọ dị ka ọ gbakere mana mechara nwụọ na Ọgọst 2, 2022, ọ gbara afọ iri isii na abụọ. Site n'ọnwụ ya, Holy See ghọrọ ohere, ma ndị na-eso ya malitere ime atụmatụ nzụkọ iji họpụta onye ga-anọchi anya ya.
Na June 2023, Archbishọp Philippines Rogelio del Rosario Martínez (b. 1970) mara ọkwa na a ga-enwe mgbakọ na Vienna malite na Julaị 25. E nwere papabili anọ: ndị bishọp abụọ na ndị ụkọchukwu abụọ. A họpụtara onye ndoro-ndoro anya na nnọkọ mgbakọ mbụ na Julaị 25, mana ọ jụrụ. Na nnọkọ nke anọ na Julaị 29, a họpụtara onye ọhụụ ọhụrụ, mana ya onwe ya jụrụ. N’ikpeazụ, n’otu nnọkọ ahụ, a họpụtara Archbishọp Martínez wee nabata ntuli aka ahụ. Ọ were Michael II dị ka aha papal ya. Ekwuwapụtara nsonaazụ ya n'ihu ọha na Ọgọst 9 (Lundberg 2023).
ỤLỌDỤ / EKWERE
Okwu ikpe maka oghere oghere post-1958, ezighi ezi nke ndị ụkọchukwu ọdịnala n'oge ohere ohere, mkpa ọ dị ịmaliteghachi ikike ikike papal, na nkwado nke conclave 1990 bụ isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ederede David Bawden dere / Pope Michael. Edebere okwu ahụ nke mbụ n'akwụkwọ tupu ọgbakọ, Ụka Katọlik ọ̀ ga-alanarị narị afọ nke iri abụọ? Nke Teresa Benns dere nke ọma mana o nyere onyinye Bawden. Site n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke nkọwa, Pope Michael gosipụtara otu echiche ahụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ (lee Pope Michael 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013a, 2013b, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2020), yana na nkenke ederede e bipụtara na webụsaịtị ya. .
Ihe odide ndị ahụ dabeere ná nkọwa nke ozizi ndị chọọchị na-akụzi n’akwụkwọ ndị popu na akwụkwọ ndị e dekọrọ n’akwụkwọ na Iwu Canon. Ma ha na-ewukwasịkwa ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Katọlik tupu 1958. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ọ gụnyekwara amụma ndị ga-abịa n'oge ikpeazụ. Ogologo nhota sitere na isi mmalite mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ Pope Michael.
N’etiti ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, e nwewo mkparịta ụka banyere ma a họpụtaghị Paul nke Isii n’ụzọ ziri ezi ka ọ̀ bụ na a chụpụrụ ya n’ọkwa mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke Vatican nke Abụọ na 1965 ma ọ bụ tupu mgbe ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, e nwere ụfọdụ mkparịta ụka banyere ma John XXIII a funahụrụ ụlọ ọrụ popu ka ọ bụ na a họpụtaghị ya nke ọma. Enwere nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-achụpụ poopu, n'ihi na ọ bụ nanị poopu nwere ike ikpebi ma popu ọ̀ ghọwo onye jụrụ okwukwe. Ajụjụ ọzọ bụ ma onye bụ́ onye jụrụ okwukwe nwere ike ịbụ poopu a họpụtara n'ụzọ ziri ezi.
Iji gosi nzọrọ ahụ bụ́ na a pụghị ịhọpụta onye jụrụ okwukwe ịbụ poopu n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ụfọdụ, Bawden gụnyere, zoro aka n'oké ehi Paul nke anọ. Cum Ex Apostolatus Officio. N’ime oké ehi ahụ, popu nyere iwu na ọ bụrụ na bishọp, kadịnal, ma ọ bụ pontiff tupu e buliri ya “esi n’Okwukwe Katọlik wezụga onwe ya ma ọ bụ daba n’ịjụ okwukwe.” N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, "ntuli aka ga-abụ ihe efu, ihe efu na ihe efu." Ya mere, ọ bụrụgodị na ndị a họpụtara ahọpụta nakweere ọfịs ahụ, ọ gaghị abụ popu ma ọ gaghị enweta ikike ma ọ bụ ikike popu (Ekwupụtara na Pope Michael 2003).
Pope Michael rụrụ ụka na Kadịnal Roncalli (John XXIII) abụghị onye poopu a họpụtara nke ọma nakwa na sede ohere ahụ malitere na ọnwụ Pius XII na 1958. O kwuru na Roncalli bụbu onye jụrụ okwukwe a ma ama tupu e bulie ya elu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye ọchịchị. freemason onye kwadoro nnwere onwe nke okpukperechi na ecumenism. Kadịnal ahụ bụ onye amụma ụgha ka ọ na-akpọ otu kansụl nke ebumnuche ya pụtara ìhè bụ ime ka chọọchị ahụ dị ọhụrụ, n’agbanyeghị na Chọọchị Katọlik enweghị ike ịgbanwe. Roncalli bụ ụdị ọjọọ nke Jọn Baptist onye kwadoro ụzọ maka onye na-emegide Kraịst–Kadịnal Montini, ya bụ, Paul VI, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'ịhọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Kadịnal mason nke ga-ahụ na nhọpụta ya.
Dị ka ahịrị arụmụka a si dị, ebe nhoputa ndi ochichi Roncalli ezighi ezi, nbuli ya nke ndị Kadịnal ọhụrụ bụ ihe efu, dịka e mere ọgbakọ ọgbakọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Tinyekwuo nke ọma: Ọ bụrụ na Roncalli bụ onye amụma ụgha na-emeghe ụzọ maka onye na-emegide Kraịst, Pọl VI bụ onye na-emegide Kraịst. N’iji atụ atụnyere anụ ọhịa nke abụọ na Mkpu. 13:11-17, Pope Michael kwuru, “Montini bufere ike ya na nke Roncalli nye mpi abụọ ahụ; John Paul I na John Paul II; nke mere na ọ dị ka e gburu anụ ọhịa ahụ, ma ọ gbakere wee dịrị ndụ ọzọ.” Ọ baghị uru ikwu, Pope Michael kụziri na Benedict XVI na Francis bụkwa ihe mgbochi.
Site na Vatican II na mgbanwe mgbanwe nke post-conciliar na emume nke sacrament, Montini bụ onye na-emegide Kraịst, “wepụrụ àjà na-aga n'ihu” site na mgbanwe ya nke akụkụ gbara ọkpụrụkpụ nke Order nke Mass N'oge a, Mass ga-akwụsị nwa oge wee bụrụ. nke e nyere “ihe arụ nke ịtọgbọrọ n'efu,” okwu sitere n'Akwụkwọ Agba Ochie nke Daniel. Mmetụta ya bụ imepụta okpukpe ọhụrụ nwere nkwenkwe na ememe ọhụrụ. N’okpukpe ọhụrụ a, a na-asọpụrụ mmadụ, ọ bụghị Chineke.
N'ime ogologo oge sede ohere malite na 1958, ọ nweghị ohere nke Mass ziri ezi ma ọ bụ inye ọtụtụ sacrament ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọbụna ndị ụkọchukwu omenala enweghị ikike, ndị bishọp ha mere ka a ga-asị na ha bụ poopu. N’ezie, ha bụ vitandi (ndị a chụpụrụ e kwesịrị izere) n’ihi na ha so n’òtù ndị na-abụghị ndị Katọlik, e dokwara ha nsọ n’enweghị ikike ndị popu chọrọ. Mmụba nke òtù ọdịnala dị iche iche megidere nkwenkwe dị n’ịdị n’otu nke chọọchị Katọlik.
N’oge nke nnukwu ndapụ n’ezi ofufe, Setan na-agbalị ibibi chọọchị ahụ. N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ gaghị enwe ihe ịga nke ọma kpam kpam n’ihi na Nzukọ-nsọ sitere n’enweghi nkwarụ mebere, ma St. Pita ga-enwe ndị ga-anọchi anya ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na ohere ahụ gbatịworo nke ukwuu, ọ pụghị ịdịru mgbe ebighị ebi. Ajụjụ bụ onye ga-ahọpụta popu n'ọnọdụ dị ugbu a. N'ihi mkpochapụ nke College of Cardinals (ndị na-eme ntuli aka nkịtị) abụghị nhọrọ, n'ihi na ha bụ okpukpe ọhụrụ.
Pope Michael rụrụ ụka na n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ mberede dị otú ahụ, ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nkịtị ma ọ bụ ọbụna otu ndị nkịtị mejupụtara nwere ike ịhọpụta poopu. Ọ rụtụrụ aka n'ụkpụrụ nke ịha nhatanha, nke okwu Grik bụ́ epikeia na-ezokarị aka. Etinyere agbatịwo sede ohere ohere na enweghị nkịtị electors, n'ihi na a ukwuu mma (nzọpụta nke mkpụrụ obi) ndị ọzọ, gụnyere laypeople, nwere ikike na ụdi ọrụ ịhọrọ popu. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, "Chọọchị nwere ike ịla azụ nye ikike maka otu omume a, n'ihi na ọ dịghị òtù ọzọ ruru eru ime ụdị omume ahụ."
Dabere na Ụka Katọlik ọ̀ ga-alanarị narị afọ nke iri abụọ? ndị nwere ike ịtụ vootu kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịga ọrụ omenala ma ghara ịnata sacrament ọ bụla n'ime oge nke fọdụrụ ruo n'oge mgbakọ ahụ. Kama, ha kwesịrị itinye onwe ha n'ekpere na ịmụ Catechism of the Council of Trent. Tupu mgbakọ ahụ, ha kwesịrị ime ihe nhụsianya zuru oke na ịkatọ ozizi nduhie ha n'ihu ọha, kpọọ Holy See ohere, ma kwupụta ezi okwukwe Katọlik dị ka Trent na (First) Vatican Council siri kwuo. Naanị otu a ka ha nwere ike bụrụ ndị ntuli aka ruru eru.
Dị ka nkọwa Bawden si kọwaa okwu Pius XII nke Lay Apostolate World Conference n’October 5, 1957 si kwuo, ihe e ji amata ịbụ papabile (onye a pụrụ ịhọpụta ịbụ poopu) bụ na onye e mere baptizim bụ́ nwoke nwere ezi uche ma o mebeghị. si n’ọgbakọ pụọ site na nkewa, ịjụ okwukwe, ma ọ bụ ndapụ n’ezi ofufe. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na poopu a họpụtara bụ onye nkịtị, ọ ga-adị njikere ka e mee ya onye nchụàjà ozugbo enwere ike.
N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ndị a, yana dịka Canon 219 siri kwuo, pontiff "nke a họpụtara n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ozugbo ọ nabatara ntuli aka ahụ, na-enweta site n'iwu Chineke zuru ike nke ikike kachasị elu." Ọ baghị uru ma ọ bụrụ na conclave ahụ dị ntakịrị; David Bawden (Maịkel nke Mbụ) kwuru na ya bụ poopu bụ́ eziokwu ka a họpụtara ya “na mbụ” ma si otú a “buru ụzọ mee ihe.” N’ihi ya, e kwesịghị inwe nkpọkọta ọgbakọ ọzọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.
“Iwu ntuli aka nke Pope Michael,” nke e kpọsara n’August 26, 2008, nyere nkọwa dị iche iche banyere usoro ahụ. O nyere iwu na a ga-ahọpụta onye ga-anọchi ya n’ime ụbọchị ole na ole ọ nwụrụ.
A ga-ahọpụta onye ga-anọchi anyị site na kọleji pụrụ iche, nwa oge, nke nwere Convenor na ndị ọzọ, aha ndị a na-agaghị ekpughere ọha mmadụ, mana nke a ga-ebuga ndị akpọrọ dị ka ndị otu. ---
Ngwa ngwa nke popu nwụsịrị, a ga-akpọtụrụ ndị ntuli aka site na ekwentị na ụzọ nzikọrịta ọgbara ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ dịka a ga-ahụ na ọ dị mkpa site n'aka ndị nkpọkọ na ndị Kọleji gbakọtara ga-aga n'ihu na-agbakọta maka nhọpụta nke onye ga-anọchi anya ---
[T] ntuli aka ga-amalite n'elekere 9:00 nke ụtụtụ n'ụbọchị nke atọ mgbe popu nwụsịrị, ọ gwụla ma ndị ntuli aka gbakọtara na mbụ wee kpebie ịmalite, ọ bụ ezie na, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, nhoputa ndi ochichi nwere ike igbu oge ụbọchị iri. Pope Michael 2011).
RITUALS / PRACTICES
Ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara Bawden ka ọ bụrụ poopu na 1990, Bawden nọgidere bụrụ onye nkịtị. Ọkwa popu a mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ndị e weere dị ka ikike na akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nkụzi, ma ọ pụghị inye sacrament. Pope Michael nwere ike ịkụzi na ịkọwa ozizi Katọlik n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi ma dee ma kọwapụta iwu akwụkwọ nsọ. O nwere ike ime nkwusa, gọzie, na ịchụpụ ya. Ọzọkwa, popu nwere ike ịgbaghara ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị bishọp bụ́ ndị kagburu ozizi ozizi ha ma nyefee ikike ya. O nwekwara ike ịchụpụ ndị chọọchị. Dị ka ndị nkịtị nile, ọ pụrụ ime baptizim na ịgba àmà alụmdi na nwunye. Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye nkịtị, ọ pụghị ikwu Mass ma ọ bụ nye sacraments nke Penance, Extreme Unction, Confirmation, or Ordination (Pope Michael 2011).
N’akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya nke ndị popu dere obere oge ka mgbakọ ahụ gasịrị, o dere, sị: “N’ụzọ dị mwute, anyị na-akọ na ndị ụkọchukwu na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu ahụwo ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ido onwe ha n’okpuru Òtù Ndịozi ma nọgide n’okpuru mmachibido nke nkwusioru na nchụpụ n’ihi mpụ ha dị iche iche. ” (Ekwuru na The Miami Herald, Ọgọst 17, 1990). Ya mere, ọ gara n'ihu onye nkịtị.
N'otu akụkọ 2009, Teresa Benns, onye bụ otu n'ime ndị ntuli aka na 1990 ma nọgide na-akwado ya ruo 2007 mgbe ọ katọrọ ihe ndị popu kwuru, dere na ka ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ bi n'ebe dị anya site n'ụlọ popu, ha anaghị ezute ya ma na-akparịta ụka. site na ekwentị, akwụkwọ ozi, na, emechaa, email. Pope Michael ekesakwara ndị na-eso ụzọ okwuchukwu na ihe odide okpukpe ndị ọzọ. Dị ka Benns si kwuo, maka sacraments, ọ dịghị ihe gbanwere site na ntuli aka: "Anyị nọgidere na-ekpe ekpere n'ụlọ" (Benns 2009).
Ọ ga-ewe afọ iri abụọ na otu ruo mgbe e chiri Pope Michael echichi onye ụkọchukwu ma dookwa bishọp nsọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-edochi anya nwere ike ịkpakọrịta, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, ọ dịghị bishọp e debere ikike ya. N’ikpeazụ, n’afọ 2011, e chiri Pope Michael echichi onye ụkọchukwu, nyekwa bishọp nsọ, ma kpuwe ya okpueze. Onye nchuaja ahụ bụ Bishọp Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya bụ Robert Biarnesen, onye edoro nsọ ka otu ọnwa gara aga site n'aka Bishọp Alexander Swift Eagle Justice, achịbishọp nke Holy Orthodox Native American Catholic Archdiocese.
Site n'aka ha, Pope Michael nwere ike ịzọrọ nnọchite ndịozi site n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ha, dịka agbụrụ Duarte Costa, Vilatte na Harris Mathew. Site n’aka ha, ọ bụ ndị ikwu ya na ndị bishọp nke, dịka, Ụka Apostolic Katọlik nke Brazil, Chọọchị Katọlik Apostolic Mexico, Chọọchị Roman Katọlik ochie, Ụka Tridentine, na Dayọsis Katọlik Ecumenical nke America. (Lee Pope Michael 2016d na maka nkọwa gbasara usoro ọmụmụ ya, cf. [“Database of Independent Bishops.”] Banyere okpukpe Katọlik nọọrọ onwe ya na etiti nke nnọchite ndịozi, Lee Plummer and Mabry 2006 na Byrne 2016).
Site n'ochichi na nraranye ya, Pope Michael nwere ike si otú a na-elekọta sacrament nile nke Chọọchị Katọlik, gụnyere Mass kwa ụbọchị ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Katọlik, nke Pope Michael na-edu ugbu a, mmadụ aghaghị ime Profession of Faith of Trent nke ndị ọchịchị mezigharịrị. (Nke mbụ) Council Vatican ma na-emekwa nkwupụta pụrụ iche nke nrubeisi na nrubeisi n'aka pontiff:
Ana m anabata ikike nke Pontiff Roman, na mgbe ọ ga-ekpebi okwu, a ga-emechi ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ana m anabata iwu nke Nzukọ-nsọ ka Nzukọ-nsọ na-atụgharị ha ma jụ nkọwa ọ bụla nke megidere nkọwa nke Nzukọ-nsọ. Ana m edo onwe m n'okpuru Pope Michael I, onye nọchiri anya St. Peter (Pope Michael 2005).
NKWUKWU / LEADERSHIP
Dị ka pontiff nke ezi Ụka Katọlik, Pope Michael bụ onye ndu enweghị mgbagha site na ntuli aka ya na 1990 ruo ọnwụ ya na 2022, na-achị site na Vatican ya na Mpụga. Ọfịs nke Holy See dị n'ụlọ ya dị na St. Marys/Belvue (1990–1993), Delia (1993–2013), na Topeka (2013–2022), ebe niile dị n'ime kilomita iri atọ site na ibe ha. [Foto dị n'aka nri]
Pope Michael enwebeghị nnukwu nnọkọ nke ndị na-eso ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ nọ na-ama jijiji, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime papaịrọs ya, enwere ike ịgụta ha site na iri na abuo. Naanị mgbe ntuli aka ya na 1990, o kwuru ihe dị ka mmadụ iri abụọ ma ọ bụ iri atọ (Ndebanye aha Des Moine, Nọvemba 4, 1990). Na mmalite 2000s, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ yiri ka hà hà nhata, na ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke e dekọrọ na 2008-2009, Pope kwuru na e nwere "ihe dị ka 30 siri ike." Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ha dị n'agbata 30 na 50, ọ bụ ezie na o kwuru na otu nnukwu ìgwè gosipụtara mmasị ịbanye (Akwụkwọ akụkọ Salina, Mee 28, 2005 na Kpakpando Kansas City, December 30, 2006, Pope Michael 2010; Ajụjụ ọnụ Pope Michael 2010)
Mgbe echichisịrị ya ọnụ na nsọ ya, ndị ụkọchukwu ole na ole nyefere n’aka Pope Michael. 2013, o nwere ndị ụkọchukwu abụọ n'okpuru ikike ya wee kwuo atọ ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'afọ 2018, Pope Michael chiri ụkọchukwu mbụ ya bụ Fr Francis Dominic, bụ onye nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ebipụta ntụgharị uche na okwuchukwu site na social media na nkuzi catechism site na webụsaịtị. Ọ dabere na St. Helen Catholic Church dị na Topeka wee soro Pope Michael rụkọọ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ (www.facebook.com/PopeMichael1, www.facebook.com/PatronSaintHelen, www.sainthelencatholicmission.org, na www.traditionalcatechism.com ).
N'ajụjụ ọnụ e dekọrọ obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya na 2022, Pope Michael kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwado ya amụbaala nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. O nwere ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu nọ n’okpuru ikike ya, gụnyere otu achịbishọp na Philippines, Rogelio Del Rosario Martinez Jr. (b. 1970), nwoke lụrụ nwanyị nke e doro anya na mbụ n’usoro ọmụmụ Duarte Costa. Na 2020, Martinez nyefere Michael dị ka poopu wee mee ka ya dịghachi ná mma. Ewezuga bishọp ahụ, ndị ụkọchukwu asaa abanyela n’ọchịchị ya, ọ kpasukwara otu nwanna nwoke ahụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a, Pope Michael kwuru na ngụkọta ndị otu nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị, gụnyere otu dị na Topeka, St. Louis, Phoenix, na Philippines, mana ha na ndị otu n'otu n'otu na mba ndị ọzọ (Ajụjụ ya na Pope Michael 2022; na Bishop Martínez , hụ Osisi Olive, mbipụta Ọktoba 2022.)
Mgbe Pope Maịkel nwụsịrị, a kọwara chọọchị ahụ dị ka onye na-agbapụ onwe ya ma mara ọkwa na n'ezie, a ga-enwe mgbakọ. Na “An Open Letter to Concerned Catholics,” nke e bipụtara na mbipụta October 2022 nke Osisi Olive, Nwanna Stephen kọwara na Fada Francis Dominic bụ Camerlengo. Ọ bụ “bụ onye isi na-eduzi ọrụ nkịtị nke Ụka mgbe Pope nwụsịrị,” ma “na-ebokwa ya ebubo ịkwado ntuli aka popu ọhụrụ.”
Na Septemba 2022, Achịbishọp Martinez dere, “anyị ga-ebu ụzọ guzobe obodo siri ike nke ndị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nke Kraịst bụ ndị maara ihe anyị na-eme, na ndị na-akwado ebumnuche anyị. Mgbe ahụ, anyị nwere ike ịga n'ihu na conclave ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ama mfri eke. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, anyị ga-edobere ya tebụl oge a kapịrị ọnụ.”Osisi Olive, Septemba 2022). Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Martinez dere, sị: “Ka anyị ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa ịbanye na mgbakọ. Ngwa ngwa bụ onye iro nke ịdị nsọ” (Osisi Olive, mbipụta Nọvemba 2022).
Ọ bụghị ruo June 2023 ka ụka kwupụtara ụbọchị na ebe ọgbakọ a ga-ahọpụta popu ọhụrụ. E mere mgbakọ ahụ na Vienna malite na Julaị 25. Na nnọkọ nke anọ na Julaị 29, Achịbishọp Rogelio Martinez ka a họpụtara wee were Michael II dịka aha papal ya (Lundberg 2023).
ISSUES / CHALLENGES
Ọ dịbeghị mgbe Chọọchị Roman Katọlik na-achị ewepụtabeghị nkwupụta ọ bụla banyere mgbakọ 1990 na ponti Michael. Otu izu ka ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ahụ gachara, onye nnọchite anya dayọsis Kansas City kwuru, “Archdiocese enweghị okwu ọ bụla. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ chọrọ ịpụ n’ọgbakọ, ọ dị ha n’aka.”Kpakpando Kansas City, Ọgọstụ 14, 1990).
Ọ bụ ezie na ndị omenaala ole na ole, ọbụna ndị na-akwado nkwekọrịta, lere ọgbakọ 1990 na ntuli aka ndị popu anya dị ka ihe ziri ezi. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume na nnọkọ nke nwere nanị ndị nkịtị ịhọpụta popu, ma ọbụghị nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị. Ụfọdụ nwara ịhazi ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ọhụrụ, gụnyere ma ndị ụkọchukwu na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na ndị nkịtị.
N'afọ 1990, e nwere ọgbakọ abụọ ọzọ. Otu mere na Assisi, Italy, na 1994, ebe otu ihe dị ka mmadụ iri abụọ ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nkịtị họpụtara onye ụkọchukwu South Africa Victor von Pentz (b. 1958) poopu. O weere Lius II dị ka aha papal ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nabatara ọfịs ahụ, ozi ọhaneze ya nke dabeere na Great Britain yiri ka ọ dị ntakịrị. Ọ bụ ezie na o nwebeghị nkwupụta ọ bụla n'ihu ọha banyere okwu ahụ, o yighị ka ọ na-azọrọ papacy ruo ọtụtụ afọ (Lundberg 2016a).
E nwere mgbakọ ọzọ na Montana na 1998 mgbe onye bụbu onye ụkọchukwu Capuchin Lucian Pulvermacher (1918–2009) ghọrọ poopu. A maghị mmadụ ole ndị ntuli aka mere, ikekwe iri na abuo ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha anọghị n'anụ ahụ kama kpọrọ ya na fon. Dị ka ndị poopu conclavist ndị ọzọ, o nwere ndị na-eso ụzọ ya pere mpe, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ka ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ndị hapụrụ ma ọ bụ chụpụrụ ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Pius XIII nwere ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na weebụsaịtị (Lundberg 2016b).
N'afọ 2007, ndị ntuli aka mbụ atọ, gụnyere Teresa Benns, hapụrụ ikike Pope Michael, na-ebo ya ebubo ịjụ okwukwe na-azọrọ na 1990 conclave na ntuli aka abaghị uru nakwa na David Bawden abụbeghị onye popu na kwesịrị ịhapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ihu ọha. Ọbụlagodi na ọnọdụ mberede, ọ rụrụ ụka na otu ọgbakọ mejupụtara nke ndị nkịtị enweghị ike ịhọpụta popu, ụmụ nwanyị enweghịkwa ike itinye aka na nkwekọrịta dị mma (Benns 2009, 2012, 2013, 2018; Benns et al. 2009).
Foto
Foto #1: Pope Michael (David Bawden).
Foto #2: Pope Michael na nne ya, Clara ("Tickie").
Foto #3: Cover nke Ụka Katọlik ọ̀ ga-alanarị narị afọ nke iri abụọ?
Foto #4: Pope Michael akwụkwọ ọkwa.
Foto #5: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Olive Tree.
Foto #6: Pope Michael ya na nne ya na onye seminarị n'ụlọ ya na Delia.
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Ụbọchị Mgbasa Ozi:
19 February 2023
update:
15 August 2023
