AUGUSTA E. STETSON TIMELINE
1842 (ụbọchị na ọnwa amaghi): Augusta Emma Simmons mụrụ na Peabody Simmons na Salome Sprague na Waldoboro, Maine.
1866 (August 14): Augusta Simmons lụrụ Captain Frederick J. Stetson, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri.
1866–1870: Stetsons ji ụgbọ mmiri na-aga gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere ogologo nkwụsị n'ebe ndị dị ka Bombay, India.
1870: Capt. Stetson ahụike gbajiri, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Damariscotta, Maine.
1873: Ndị Stetsons so ndị nne na nna Augusta na Somerville, Massachusetts.
1875: Mary Baker Eddy bipụtara Sayensị na Ahụike.
1879 (June): Eddy haziri Nzukọ-nsọ nke Kraịst (Scientist) na Lynn, Massachusetts. Ọ kwagara ọrụ na Boston ka afọ ahụ gasịrị.
1882: Augusta E. Stetson debara aha na Boston's Blish School of Oratory.
1884 (mmiri): Stetson nụrụ nkuzi Eddy na Charlestown, Massachusetts.
1884 (November): Na òkù Eddy, Stetson weere klas izu abụọ na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst na Eddy's Massachusetts Metaphysical College.
1884–1885: Mgbe ọ ghọchara onye na-ahụ maka Sayensị Ndị Kraịst (onye na-agwọ ọrịa) na Boston, Stetson nọrọ ọtụtụ izu na Skowhegan, Maine na Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, na-agwọ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa nke ọma.
1885–1886: Eddy gwara Stetson ka o kwusaara ya ozi ọma n’ụbọchị Sọnde na Hawthorne Hall, Boston.
1886 (February): Stetson were Eddy were klas Normal ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi nke Sayensị Ndị Kraịst.
1886 (November): Eddy zigara Stetson na New York City iji nyere aka webata Sayensị Ndị Kraịst.
1887 (November 29): Stetson haziri ihe ghọrọ Nzukọ-nsọ Mbụ nke Kraịst, Scientist, New York (nke a na-akpọ ya dị ka Churchka Mbụ).
1890 (October 21): Stetson ka echiri echichi dịka pastọ nke ụka ya.
1891 (July 24): Stetson meghere New York Christian Science Institute, ebe ọ kuziri klas na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst.
1891 (October): Mgbe esemokwu ya na Stetson gasịrị, nwa akwụkwọ Eddy Laura Lathrop na ndị ọzọ wepụrụ na chọọchị Stetson iji hazie ihe ghọrọ Ụka nke Abụọ nke Kraịst, Scientist, New York.
1892: Eddy hiwere Nzukọ-nsọ Nne na Boston.
1894 (December 30): Eddy kagburu ndị ụkọchukwu ma chie Bible na echichi. Sayensị na Ahụike dị ka ndị ụkọchukwu ụka. Stetson ghọrọ Onye Ọgụgụ Mbụ nke ụka ya na New York.
1895: Eddy bipụtara ya na-emegharị ya mgbe niile Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church.
1896 (September 27): Stetson nyefere ụlọ mbụ nke ụka ya, oche 1,000 bụbu Episcopal Church of All Souls, nke dị na West 48th Street. N’ime afọ itoolu gara aga, ọgbakọ Stetson na-efe ofufe n’ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ, malite n’ọnụ ụlọ dị n’elu ụlọ ahịa.
1901 (July 6): Frederick Stetson, onye ka na-abaghị uru, nwụrụ na New York.
1903 (November 29): Stetson meghere ma raara onwe ya nye, n'enweghị ụgwọ, ụlọ $1,150,000, 2,200 oche nke Ụka Mbụ na Central Park West nke New York.
1908 (November 30): Ndị isi ụlọ ụka Stetson kpebiri ịzụta nnukwu ihe na Riverside Drive maka alaka ụlọ ụka 8,000 nke ụka ya, ihe mere nke ghọrọ mmebi nke Eddy. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church na 1909.
1909 (July 24): Eddy gwara ndị isi Christian Science Board of Directors of the Mother Church ka ha nyochaa Stetson. Eddy mechara gwa ndị nduzi ka ha hapụ ụlọ ụka Stetson ka ha lebara okwu ahụ anya.
1909 (November 4): N'ime akụkọ dị ogologo, ụka Stetson wepụrụ ya ebubo nke Ụka Nne nke gụnyere njikwa na-ezighị ezi n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ya nọ, na-aghọtaghị ụka alaka ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe ziri ezi, deification nke Eddy, na imebi iwu. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church.
1909 (November 18): Ụka Nne chụpụrụ Stetson; n’oge na-adịghị anya ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na First Church, New York.
1913: Stetson bipụtara Ncheta, Okwuchukwu, na Mmekọ.
1914: Stetson bipụtara Okwu ndị dị mkpa na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst.
1918: Stetson tọrọ ntọala New York Oratorio Society nke New York City Christian Science Institute, nke gụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ya.
1923: Stetson bipụtara Akwụkwọ ozi na nkọwapụta sitere na leta, 1889–1909, sitere na Mary Baker Eddy. . . nke Augusta E. Stetson.
1925: Stetson bipụtara Okwuchukwu nke na-atụgharị Akwụkwọ Nsọ n'ụzọ ime mmụọ na ihe odide ndị ọzọ na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst.
1926: Stetson malitere ụlọ ọrụ redio WHAP, nke gosipụtara mmemme nativist na ihe nkiri nke Oratorio Society.
1928 (October 12): Augusta E. Stetson nwụrụ na Rochester, New York mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na isii.
2004: Ụka Stetson gbazere onwe ya, jikọtara ya na Nzukọ-nsọ nke Abụọ, bụbu ụka Lathrop, ka ọ bụrụ Nzukọ-nsọ mbụ e mebere ọhụrụ. E rere ụlọ ụka mbụ ahụ ọnụ $15,000,000.
BIOGRAPHY
Augusta E. Stetson [Foto dị n'aka nri] bụ onye ndu okpukpe nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ bụ onye a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, onye mebiri ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, nweta mmetụta miri emi site n'aka ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eso ụzọ, ma mesoo ndị asọmpi ike. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta akpọwo ya “onye na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe,” “akparamagwa mgbagwoju anya,” na onyeozi nke ụbọchị ikpeazụ, ebe ndị ọzọ akọwawo ya dị ka “onye jụrụ okwukwe, onye na-ejide ikike, [na] na-efe Mammon ofufe” (nke e zoro aka na ya na Swensen 2008). :76). Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ ka ọ nwụsịrị, ọ bụ oge iji nyochaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye ndu na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst nke nwere nnukwu ebumnuche.
A mụrụ Augusta Emma Simmons nye Peabody Simmons na Salome Sprague na Waldoboro, Maine na 1842 (ụbọchị na ọnwa amabeghị). O nwere "agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke maka ụbọchị ya," gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ Lincoln Academy, nke ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị (Cunningham 1994: 15). N'ịghọta ikike egwu ya, nna ya mere ndokwa ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke ụka Methodist mpaghara mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, ọ lụrụ Captain Frederick J. Stetson, bụ́ onye na-ere ụgbọ mmiri katatụrụ ahụ́, ma soro ya biri n’ebe ndị dị ka England, India, na Burma. Mgbe ahụ ike Frederick dara na 1870, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Damariscotta, Maine. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, ha na ndị mụrụ Augusta kwagara na Somerville, Massachusetts, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Boston. Na 1882, ọ debanyere aha na Blish School of Oratory na Boston iji kwalite nkà ikwu okwu ọha ya. Atụmatụ ya bụ na ọ ga-enye nkuzi ọha na eze iji nweta ego iji kwado onwe ya na di ya, bụ ndị ghọworo onye na-adịghị mma (Cunningham 1994: 13–26).
Mgbe ọ nọ na Boston, Stetson mụtara Sayensị Ndị Kraịst, “Ọhụụ Ndị Kraịst ọhụrụ” (Voorhees 2021:8) nke Mary Baker Eddy tọrọ ntọala na nso nso a (1821–1910), iji “cheta okwu na ọrụ Nna-ukwu anyị [Jizọs], bụ́ nke kwesịrị iweghachi Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na akụkụ ọgwụgwọ ya furu efu. (Eddy 1936:17). Afọ anọ ka o bipụtachara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ya. Sayensị na Ahụike (1875), Eddy tọrọ ntọala Nzukọ-nsọ nke Kraịst (Scientist) na Lynn, Massachusetts ya na ndị na-eso ụzọ iri abụọ na isii, na-ebuga ọrụ ya na Boston mgbe e mesịrị otu afọ ahụ (Swensen 2018: 92–93). Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụka Boston nke mbụ na-enweghị isi na 1889, Eddy hiwere ụlọ ụka Nne nke etiti, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. N'ịkpọsa na ma ndị nwoke ma ndị nwanyị bụ ụmụ zuru oke nke Chineke zuru oke, Eddy kwuputara, "Anyị enweghị ikike dị ukwuu na sayensị, maka ịkpọ Chineke nwoke dị ka nwanyị, nke ikpeazụ bụ onye ikpeazụ, ya mere echiche kachasị elu e nyere ya" (Eddy 1875:238; Hicks 2004:47). Nke a bụ echiche dị ịrịba ama, ma ọ bụghị kpamkpam ọhụrụ. Dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukpe Elaine Pagels si kwuo, Mụọ Nsọ ka e bu ụzọ chepụta echiche dị ka "mmụọ nwanyị" ma ọ bụ akụkụ "Nne" nke chi (Pagels 2006: 8). Eddy wuru okwukwe ọgwụgwọ ya gburugburu echiche nke Nna–Nne Chineke.
Mgbe mbụ Stetson nụrụ nkuzi Eddy na Charlestown, Massachusetts na 1884, ọ maara na ọ chọtala niche ya. Dị ka Stetson mesịrị kọwaa mmeghachi omume ya na nkwusa Eddy: “Ahụrụ m n’ebe ahụ ịhụtụ ike nke uche Kraịst, na itinye aka ya n’ime mmehie na ọrịa, ike nke Jizọs ji mee ihe, na nke ọ kụziiri ndị na-eso ụzọ ya.” (Stetson 1913) (1917:852). Dị ka ọkà mmụta okpukpe Rosemary R. Hicks si kwuo, Eddy gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha "maliteghachi uwe nke ọgwụgwọ nke ọgwụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta na iji nweta ọkwa nduzi na ozi na agụmakwụkwọ" (Hicks 2004: 58). Dị ka ọkà mmụta okpukpe Sarah Gardner Cunningham na-ekwu banyere Augusta E. Stetson, “Sayensị Ndị Kraịst nyere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere nghọta na-emeziwanye mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ohere maka ụdị ọnọdụ na nnwere onwe akụ na ụba dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Sayensị Ndị Kraịst [ọgwụgwọ] na onye nkuzi, na ọgwụgwọ ime mmụọ maka Frederick na maka onwe ya" (Cunningham 1994: 27). N'ihi àgwà ya siri ike, Stetson bịara mara ngwa ngwa dị ka "Ịlụ ọgụ Gus" (Strickler 1909: 175).
Mgbe Eddy gwara Stetson ka ọ gaa nyere aka iwebata okwukwe na New York City na 1886, ọ na-ala azụ na mbụ ịhapụ gburugburu ebe ọ maara nke ọma wee banye n'ime nnukwu obodo. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Stetson weere ọnọdụ ahụ wee gaa n'Obodo Alaeze Ukwu. "Dịka ebe a na ebe onye otu ezinụlọ nakweere eziokwu ọgwụgwọ," ka o chetara, "ndị ezinụlọ ji nke nta nke nta dọta na mkpakọrịta nke ọṅụ ọhụrụ nke ọchịchị ime mmụọ" (Stetson 1914/1917:105). N'ịbụ nke ndị inyom a tọhapụrụ ọhụrụ na-edu ndú, Sayensị Ndị Kraịst malitere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa anụ ahụ. N'igosi onwe ya dị ka onye na-agwọ ọrịa nke na-ebutekarị ọgwụgwọ ozugbo, Stetson nwere obi ụtọ nye Eddy, "Ọgwọ ọrịa ahụ dị ịtụnanya" (Stetson 1894).
N'oge na-adịghị anya Stetson malitere ịdọrọ uche. N'afọ 1894, otu onye nta akụkọ n'ógbè ahụ kọrọ na ọ nọgidere na-ekwu na "nwanyị dị mma karịa nwoke iji mejupụta pulpit, n'ihi na ọ na-egosipụta usoro kachasị elu nke mmadụ" (Unattributed clipping 1894). Mgbe ọ gbazichara ohere maka ọrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, na 1896 Stetson zụtara ụlọ 1,000 oche nke ụlọ ụka Episcopal mbụ na West 48th Street. N’otu isiokwu nke isiokwu ya bụ “Christian Science Churches Thronged,” otu onye nta akụkọ nọ n’ógbè ahụ kọwara ozi Sunday e mere na chọọchị Stetson, sị: “Ụmụ nwanyị mara mma mara mma mara mma nke ukwuu, ndị mara mma mara mma, na-arị elu na n’akụkụ okporo ụzọ, na-akwụsị ebe a na-akparịta ụka n’ìgwè abụọ abụọ abụọ. na atọ, na ndị ikom mara mma [-] na-ekere òkè n'ihe dị ka nnabata na Fifth Avenue mansion karịa njedebe nke ọrụ okpukpe" (nke e hotara na Cunningham 1994:82). Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Gillian Gill na-ede na Stetson "jisiri ike gosipụta onyinyo nke nwanyị mara mma, nke na-amasị ndị New York's nouveau riche" (Gill 1998: 534). Ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Christian Science Stephen Gottschalk na-ekwu na Stetson bụ "ihe mmalite nke ọchịchọ n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Ndị Kraịst na-ebi ndụ na-adịghị mma n'etiti nkwupụta okwu nke ime mmụọ na eziokwu nke aghụghọ-na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụghị otú aghụghọ-ihe onwunwe" (Gottschalk 2006: 379).
Ndị otu Stetson niile gbara gburugburu nwere obi ụtọ maka ọgwụgwọ ndị ha nwetara site n'ọrụ ya. Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa mbụ ya bụ Edwin F. Hatfield, onye bụbu onye isi ụgbọ okporo ígwè na scion nke ndị ụkọchukwu Presbyterian a ma ama na New York, bụ ndị "na-agwọta ngwa ngwa nke ịda mbà n'obi nke ụjọ, nke ndị dọkịta na-emeghị ka ọ kwụsị" (Stetson 1913/1917: 21). Hatfield ghọrọ onye isi oche nke bọọdụ nke ụka Stetson ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ. George F. DeLano, onye ọkaiwu New York na-aga nke ọma, nwere aṅụrị na ya “achọpụtawo ụkpụrụ ọgwụgwọ nke butere onwe m na nwunye m site n'ọnọdụ nke invalidism na-adịghị ala ala ruo n'ahụ ike zuru oke" (Ụka Mbụ, New York Trustees Minutes 1903). Ma William Taylor nke Scranton, Pennsylvania, bụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa ma nwee nnukwu mmasị n'ịgbapụta akụ, Stetson gwọọkwa nwunye ya ma bụrụ ezigbo ndị na-eso ụzọ ya kemgbe ihe dị ka 1895. “Ha abụọ abụwo ndị na-adịghị mma. . . . Ha abụọ dị mma nke ọma ugbu a ma bụrụkwa oge a niile. Ha tụkwasịrị ihe niile obi kpamkpam n'ụkpụrụ, ụmụ ha, ahụike na azụmahịa” (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:108). Stetson dọbatara n'ogige ya ọtụtụ ndị bara ọgaranya, yana ndị nwere oke ego (Swensen 2008: 84; Swensen 2010: 12-14; Johnston 1907: 161).
Ọbịbịa na ụlọ ụka Stetson rịrị elu, na-achọ ebe ndị buru ibu. Mgbe afọ anọ nke atụmatụ na igbubi akụkụ enweghị ego nke ndị ụka ya nyere n'efu, Stetson's $1,150,000 majestic Beaux Arts ụlọ na Central Park West na 96th Street, [Foto dị n'aka nri] nke ụlọ ọrụ ama ama Carrere na Hastings mere. N'ọgwụgwụ 1903. Ewuru New Hampshire granite (nke sitere na steeti Eddy) nke steeple ya na-ahụ n'ofe Central Park, ihe owuwu ahụ na-anya isi nke nwere ike ịnabata ndị na-efe 2,200 na-efe ofufe, ala mabụl, na nnukwu windo ugogbe anya nke ndị a na-eme ememe. Onye omenkà America bụ John La Farge (lee Swensen 2008:84). Tupu mmalite na nraranye ahụ, Stetson degaara Eddy akwụkwọ, “Anyị dị njikere n'ikpeazụ ịrara ụlọ ụka nke ịhụnanya na ekele anyị hiwere ka ọ bụrụ ụtụ nye gị. Ọ dịghị mkpa ka m gwa gị ihe nke a pụtara nye m - ị maara ya niile - akụkụ dị ogologo na nke dị ize ndụ, egwu na ndị iro n'ime na n'èzí, na mmegide nke anyaụfụ na ihe ọjọọ niile "(Stetson 1913/1917: 170). ).
Enwere nchegbu gbasara nnabata Stetson gbasara akụnụba, ejiji, na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya. Annie Dodge, onye otu ụka Stetson, kọrọ Eddy, "Ihe ọ bụla ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na frothiness" (Dodge 1901). Ọnwa ole na ole tupu e wuchaa ụlọ ụka ya, Eddy dọrọ Stetson aka ná ntị:
Ụka ihe onwunwe gị bụ ihe egwu ọzọ dị n'ụzọ gị. Ọ na-etinye uche gị nke ukwuu, ọ na-atọ ụtọ nke chi nwanyị ndị Efesọs, nnukwu Diana. O chigharia gi otu Chineke. . . . Atụrụ m anya na oge site na Readership ga-enye gị a nnukwu uto in na-agwọ ọrịa na nke a dị mkpa karịa ihe niile dị n'ụwa (Eddy 1903, akara na mbụ).
Mgbe Eddy tụchara aro maka afọ atọ maka ndị na-agụ ụka alaka ụlọ ọrụ na 1902, Stetson egbughị oge ịnakwere ọhụrụ a. Church Manual iwu. Na 1905, Eddy gbara ume ọzọ, sị, “Ihe m chọrọ maka enyemaka n’ọrụ ndụ m karịa ihe nile ọzọ dị n’ụwa bụ—agwọ ọrịa dị ka m bụ mgbe m na-eme ihe. M na-arịọ ma na-ekpe ekpere ka ị bụrụ nke ahụ" (Eddy 1905).
Ka ọ na-erule n’afọ 1908, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bịara ya dị ukwuu na chọọchị Stetson nke na e nwere mmadụ 200 ruo 300 guzo n’oge ozi ụtụtụ Sunday. N'ọgwụgwụ afọ ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ ụka ahụ kpebiri ịzụta nnukwu ihe na Riverside Drive iji wuo ụlọ ụka alaka ụlọ ọrụ 8,000 n'ebe ahụ (Peel 1977: 334), bụ nke mebiri iwu Eddy na ọ bụ naanị Nne Nne na Boston nwere ike inwe ụlọ ụka alaka (Eddy 1936: 71). Annie Dodge dọrọ Eddy aka ná ntị na Stetson na “ndị dupe ya” nwere ike ịmalite Chọọchị . . . nke n'ọdịdị niile ga-abụ ngalaba nke Ụka Nne na Boston, mana n'ezie ga-abụ naanị alaka (ma ọ bụ Annex) nke Nzukọ-nsọ nke Mbụ ebe a” (Dodge 1909, gosi na mbụ). Ya mere, a na-ele Stetson anya dị ka ihe ịma aka Eddy na Ụka Nne, ọ bụ ezie na Stetson na-ekwukarị na ọ na-agbaso Eddy.
N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1909, na arịrịọ Eddy, Board of Directors of the Mother Church (nke ndị ọchụnta ego ise na-emebu) malitere nyocha Stetson na ndị isi na ụlọ ọrụ ya. Ebubo gụnyere ịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, na ọ kpọrọ ụlọ ụka alaka ndị ọzọ niile, opekata mpe na New York City, dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị, na ọ kpọrọ Eddy chi, nakwa na ọ mebiri iwu ahụ. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church. Na Nọvemba 18, 1909, mgbe Stetson na mmadụ iri na isii n’ime ndị ọrụ ya nyochachara site n’aka ndị nduzi na Boston, a chụpụrụ Stetson na Ụka Nne. Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na First Church, New York.
Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, Stetson gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya, na-anọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Eddy, na-azọrọ na Eddy ahọrọla ya ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ezi sayensị nke Ndị Kraịst, ma na-agbachitere onwe ya n'enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ. Na 1913, o bipụtara Ihe ncheta, okwuchukwu, na nzikọrịta ozi na-egosi nrube isi n'ụkpụrụ sayensị Ndị Kraịst dịka Mary Baker Eddy kụziri., nke gụnyere akụkọ ndụ ya, okwuchukwu, akụkọ ya, na akwụkwọ ozi o degaara na nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. Dị ka o degaara enyi ya akwụkwọ n'afọ e bipụtara mpịakọta ahụ:
M kwesịrị, dị ka [sic] ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, nye ụwa ihe ndekọ nke ihe ndị mere mgbe nkewa bịara, n'etiti tọ Ndị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst bụ ndị mebere nzukọ ihe onwunwe, na Ndị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst togoro elu bụ ndị bilitere na nkọwa ime mmụọ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Christian Science, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, na ihe odide ndị ọzọ onye ndu anyị na-asọpụrụ (Stetson 1913/1917). :1176).
Mbipụta Stetson n'afọ na-esote Okwu ndị dị mkpa na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst e bu n’obi imegide “ịkatọ nkuzi m na-aga n’ihu site n’aka ndị isi nke nzukọ ihe onwunwe [The Mother Church]” (Stetson 1914/1917:362). Mpempe akwụkwọ a nwere ebubo ndị Ụka Nne megidere ya na akụkụ nke ịgba ama na nnọkọ ndị nduzi, yana nwara ịgọnarị ebubo niile. Na 1923 ọ bipụtara Akwụkwọ ozi na nkọwapụta sitere na leta, 1889–1909, sitere na Mary Baker Eddy. . . nke Augusta E. Stetson, bụ́ nke nwere nanị ihe ndị dị mma Eddy kwuru ma hapụ mgbalị nile Eddy gbara inye ndụmọdụ na ịgbazi nwa akwụkwọ ya. N'afọ sochirinụ, Stetson bipụtara Okwuchukwu nke na-atụgharị Akwụkwọ Nsọ n'ụzọ ime mmụọ na ihe odide ndị ọzọ na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst, “nke ikpe-azụ nke ụdị mkpokọta akwụkwọ scrap Stetson” (Paulson, Mathis, Bargmann 2021:200).
N'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ Stetson e mere atụmatụ na 800, ihe dị ka ọkara nọgidere na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ya ka ebipụrụ njikọ ya na òtù Sayensị Ndị Kraịst a haziri ahazi. Dị ka Arnold Blome, nwa akwụkwọ Stetson, degaara ya akwụkwọ, "Eji m n'aka na ị maara, ma aghọtaghị m nke ọma, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ekele, ịhụnanya, na-emesapụ aka ị nwere ruo mgbe m malitere ịchịkọta ùkwù" (Blome 1918). Ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ji nkwanye ùgwù kpọrọ ya “Onye Ozizi.” Nwa akwụkwọ Stetson bụ Amy R. Lewis kwusiri ike, “Ị bụ Nkume n’ime Temple nke Ịhụnanya” (Lewis 1923). Ụfọdụ ndị edemede Sayensị Ndị Kraịst, gụnyere Robert Peel, aghọtabeghị nraranye nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Stetson nwere n'ebe ọ nọ. Na 1920, mgbe New York's First Church nwara ma daa ịchụpụ ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ihe Stetson, mgba ahụ bụ akụkọ n'ihu ihu (New York Herald 1920: 1).
Na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ọrụ nchịkwa ya, Stetson bụ onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede abụ. N'afọ 1918, ọ tọrọ ntọala New York Oratorio Society nke New York Oratorio Society nke 300 nke New York City Christian Science Institute, nke gụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, bụ ndị na-abụ abụ ndị a ma ama na ọrụ ọhụrụ dị nsọ na egwu ya, gụnyere. Egwu Izugbe: Mee ọkụ na America anyi: ukwe mba. Dị ka ọ gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ si Egwu America, "Naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ịbụ abụ obodo n'okpuru mkpali nke nzube Chineke ga-aga nke ọma n'ime obi ndị mmadụ" (Stanley 1917:11). N'ime 1920s, ụlọ ọrụ redio Stetson, WHAP, onye mgbasa ozi nativist na Ku Klux Klan nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe nkiri nke Oratorio Society, mgbe ụfọdụ ndị otu New York Philharmonic Society na-eso ya. Nkwenye Stetson na oratorios dị iche na ngagharị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst a haziri ahazi, ebe Eddy kagburu ndị ukwe na 1898 na The Mother Church na na alaka ihe dị ka afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị.
Ọ bụ ezie na Stetson kwuru na ya ga-adị ndụ ebighị ebi, ọ nwụrụ na October 12, 1928 na Rochester, New York mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na isii. N’afọ 2004, ya na ọbịbịa ya ruru ole na ole, Ụka Mbụ nke Kraịst, Scientist, New York kwụsịrị, rere ụlọ Beaux Arts maka $15,000,000, wee jikọta ya na Nzukọ-nsọ nke Abụọ wee guzobe Nzukọ-nsọ nke mbụ nke Kraịst, Scientist, New York.
Dị ka Cunningham si kwuo, "Stetson anabataghị àgwà ụlọ ọrụ gbanwere nke chọọchị ahụ. Ọ jụrụ ịgbahapụ mmekọrịta chiri anya, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okwu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na usoro okwu nwanyị nke gosipụtara nghọta mbụ ya "(1994: 9). Maka onye bụbu onye isi Ụka Nne na onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Eddy John V. Dittemore (1876-1937), Stetson “enweghị ikike nke onye ndu ya. Ọ na-anọkarị n'ọnọdụ nke 1884"(Bates na Dittemore 1932:442). Mgbalị Stetson mere nke ọma iji wulite ụka ya wee nweta ihunanya na iguzosi ike n'ihe nke ọtụtụ narị ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ ihe a ma ama, mana enweghị ike ime ya, nke butere ya ọdịda ozugbo n'aka ndị isi nwoke ise nke Ụka Nne. .
TEACHINGS / DOCTRINES
Stetson dere, sị, “Adị m ka onye mgbakọ na mwepụ nke guzo n’ihu bọọdụ na-arụpụta nkwubi okwu mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ndị na-ege ntị bụ ụwa, nwere mmasị naanị na ngwọta" (1914: 646). Site na mgbe Stetson rutere New York City na 1886, ọ kuziri ụmụ akwụkwọ gbasara Sayensị Ndị Kraịst. Mgbe e guzobechara New York Christian Science Institute na 1891, ọ haziri nkuzi ya n'usoro na, ruo mgbe Eddy machibidoro ya, gbalịrị ịkụzi klaasị n'obodo ndị ọzọ. Na-esote Eddy Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church, nke e bipụtara nke mbụ ya na 1895, Stetson kụziiri otu klas nke ihe ruru ụmụ akwụkwọ iri atọ na atọ kwa afọ, nke a na-akpọ “Ntụziaka Klas.” (N'afọ 1899, Eddy belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kwa afọ ruo iri atọ).
Ọ bụ klaasị magburu onwe ya, ndị ikom iri na atọ, ndị agadi niile, ndị ọkà mmụta ma ọ bụ ndị ọchụnta ego, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eche echiche miri emi, dị ka ị na-ahụ site na mkparịta ụka na klas, azịza ha nye ajụjụ Oriakụ Stetson, na ajụjụ ha jụrụ ya (Alexander 13). -1923, 1939:1).
Alexander nwere obi ụtọ nye nne ya na ọ chọtala “nlegharị anya ọhụrụ na ọmarịcha ndụ” (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:96). N’oge na-adịghị anya, o degaara ndị mụrụ ya akwụkwọ, “Oh! Lee ka Sayensị Ndị Kraịst si dị ukwuu! Lee ka o si eme ka ndị mmadụ dịrị n'otu! Nzukọ-nsọ ahụ yiri otu nnukwu ezinụlọ” (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:104). Mgbe ọ na-ede obere oge ka Stetson nwụsịrị, onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ́ Altman K. Swihart kọrọ na “Oriakụ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nke Stetson ji ịhụnanya na nkwanye ùgwù na-asọpụrụ" (Swihart 1931:70).
Dị ka Stetson kwuru, “N'ime nkuzi na omume m, ana m agbasochi anya akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Christian Science [Sayensị na Ahụike], dị ka m mere afọ iri abụọ na ise" (Stetson 1913/1917:643). Na 1909, Stetson degaara Eddy akwụkwọ,
A kuziri m ụmụ akwụkwọ m ka ha na-ele anya n'ihu na site na agwọ efu nke ụdị ụgha, na ịhụ echiche anwụghị anwụ, mmadụ, ebe onye na-anwụ anwụ dị ka ọ dị. Ihe ndọta anụmanụ ọjọọ ka na-aga n'ihu na mbọ ya, site na nkwutọ ya na-enweghị isi nke mmadụ n'ozuzu, igbu echiche ime mmụọ, Sayensị Ndị Kraịst, nke ị mụrụ (Stetson 1913/1917: 227).
Nkuzi Stetson banyere obstetrics bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, protofeminist, mana ọ kpafuru gafere oke Eddy. "Iji gaa nke ọma ọmụmụ nke nwa ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ echiche Chineke," Eddy dere, "ị ga-ewepụ echiche site n'echiche nke ihe onwunwe ya, na ọmụmụ ga-abụ ihe okike na nchekwa" (Eddy 1934: 463). Ederede ederede nke Stetson's “Obstetrics” mmụta nwere ndetu klaasị nke nwa akwụkwọ were. Stetson kwuru, "E nwere naanị otu nne [Chineke], na iwu ya bụ naanị iwu nke nkwekọ, udo, ịdị ọcha, anwụghị anwụ" (Stetson nd:2). N'ikwu okwu n'ụzọ atụ, ọ gọrọ agọ ịdị adị nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-ekwusi ike na enweghị mmekọahụ, akwa fatịlaịza, agbụrụ, okike, ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ (Stetson nd:12). Dị ka Stetson kụziri, “Ọ dịghị ihe—ọ dịghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị—ọ dịghị echiche ihe onwunwe—ọ dịghị uto nwa ebu n’afọ—ọ dịghị nwoke anụ ahụ—ọ dịghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwa nwanyị—ọ dịghị nwa ga-atụfu—ọ dịghịkwa nkwenkwe nke nwa” (Stetson nd:12; lee! nakwa Bates na Dittemore 1932:365).
Maka Stetson, Eddy bụ nwanyị Kraịst ma ọ bụ “Mesaịa,” njirimara nke Eddy jụrụ ugboro ugboro. "Ma enyi m," Eddy dọrọ aka ná ntị, "ị na-emerụ ihe kpatara ya ma na-enupụrụ m isi n'iche na m bụ Kraịst ma ọ bụ na-ekwu ụdị ihe a" (Eddy 1900b; Thomas 1994:274). Ụmụ akwụkwọ Stetson, dị ka Arnold Blome, gara n’ihu ikwu na Jizọs chịkọtara “nna nke Chineke,” ebe Eddy nọchitere anya “nne nke Chineke” (Blome 1918). Otu afọ tupu ọ gafee, Stetson kwughachiri, “Nye m Oriakụ Eddy bụ nne nke Chineke dịka Jizọs bụ nna. Chineke bu ma nna na nne” (New York Times 1927: 10).
RITUALS / PRACTICES
Ewubere mmegharị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst na ọgwụgwọ. N'ịbụ onye na-agwọ ọrịa na-aga nke ọma, akụkụ a nke ọrụ Stetson na-akpachapụ anya site na nlebara anya ya na chọọchị ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya. Ka o sina dị, ọgwụgwọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụka Stetson New York City. Ekwuru ihe omume ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'akwụkwọ ozi dị oke egwu nye ụka ya n'ụbọchị Ekele 1908 nke o zigara Eddy. N'oge okwu a, Stetson kwuru banyere "ndị ọrụ [na chọọchị ya] bụ ndị na-agwọ ndị ọrịa na-akpọte onye mmehie, na ndị òtù ụka bụ ndị ọrụ oge na ego bụ ọrụ ịhụnanya" (Stetson 1913/1917: 156). Ihe karịrị mmadụ 45,000 kwa afọ na-eleta ọnụ ụlọ Ọgụgụ Sayensị Ndị Kraịst nke dị na ụlọ ụka mbụ, New York; nke ọrịa 4,523 nke ndị ọrụ iri abụọ na ise ahụ nọ n’ọrụ mesoro, ihe karịrị 3,000 ka a “gwọrọ ma ọ bụ rite uru na-adịgide adịgide” (Strickler 1909:257; First Church, New York 1909b).
N'agbanyeghị mmasị ya ndị ọzọ, Stetson nọgidere na-abụ onye na-agwọ ọrịa pụrụ iche. “A kpaliri m idegara gị akwụkwọ ozi,” ka ọ kọrọ n’akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Eddy na 1904, “banyere okwu ikpe a kpọburu m n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, bụ́ na, n’ime afọ abụọ, ndị dọkịta iri na atọ achọpụtala ya, ma mesookwa ya dị ka ọrịa cancer na-egbu egbu. " Stetson kọrọ:
Ngwọta ahụ gara n'ihu, ọrịa cancer ahụ wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe kwa ụbọchị dị ka n'enweghị ihe mgbu na n'efu dị ka a ga-ewepụ ya site na mma dọkịta na-awa ahụ, ruo mgbe n'ime izu abụọ ọ dịghị ihe àmà nke ọrịa ahụ ma e wezụga mmetụta ndị ọzọ "(Stetson 1913/1917: 173) ).
Enwere nlọghachi azụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ (a na-ebo onye ọrịa ahụ otu ugboro "enweghị obi ụtọ" maka awa iri na isii), mana Stetson kwuru na ọgwụgwọ ahụ zuru ezu (Stetson 1913/1917: 175).
Stetson kwadoro mmemme mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, gụnyere ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dị egwu, nke ndị nkụzi Sayensị Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ gbapụrụ. Stetson gwara Eddy na ya enweghị oge iji gaa mmemme omenala, mana ụka ya bụ ebe a na-eme aṅụ, bụ nke belatara mgbe Eddy na-amachichikarị ọgba aghara nke ụlọ ụka alaka site na ngbanwe ya. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church. Mgbochi ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịchụpụ ndị ọrụ 25 ndị nwere obere ụlọ ọrụ na elu ụlọ nke Stetson's Church (Eddy 1936:74). Ihe ndekọ dị ihe dị ka 75 linear foot of the First Church, New York na Mary Baker Eddy Library na Boston na-egosi ọtụtụ mmemme omenala na mmemme mmekọrịta ọha na eze jikọtara Stetson na ụka ya. Ihe ndekọ ndị a nwere ike inye ụlọ ụka alaka taa opekata mpe echiche ole na ole gbasara otu esi jupụta ụlọ nzukọ ụka efu ha (lee Baxter 2004:110).
Ọrụ Sunday na nzukọ ịgba ama Wednesday na chọọchị Stetson na-akpali akpali ma dị egwu. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Na 1906, o degaara Eddy akwụkwọ:
Ugboro ole n'oge mmemme nke ụka, ọ dị m ka ya bụrụ na ị ga-ahụ nnukwu ọgbakọ ahụ, ma nụ ọgbụgba-ama nke ndị mmadụ, nke mgbapụta dị ebube site na mmehie, ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ, na ekele ha maka nnukwu ọrụ gị, na nke akwụkwọ gị, Sayensị. na ahụike; ma nwee ike ịnụ okwu gị n’abụ abụ gị site n’ọtụtụ narị olu, nke na-ejupụta n’elu dome dị elu ruo mgbe egwu dị ka ọ na-agwakọta ndị mmụọ ozi a na-adịghị ahụ anya na nnukwu akụkụ nke ebighi ebi na-aza diapason ya na Te Deums nke otuto Chineke maka ozi gị. nye mmadụ (Stetson 1913/1917:181).
Mary Pinney, nwa akwụkwọ Stetson onye nyere iwu 66-ọkwa, akụkụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka Hutchings–Votey, bụ naanị otu nwanyị na-ahụ maka otu nnukwu ụlọ ụka dị na New York City. Ọgbakọ ahụ ga-ebili ka Stetson na-abanye n'ụlọ nsọ, omume nke megidere njakịrị Eddy nke “mmadụ.”
Ebe Stetson kwuru na ụlọ ụka alaka ya kacha mkpa na New York City, ọ napụrụ ya n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ na ụlọ ụka ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka Sayensị Ndị Kraịst dị n'obodo ahụ, ọbụna na-ajụ isonye na ọnụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ sayensị nke Ndị Kraịst. Dị ka Stetson si kwuo, “Chọọchị alaka ndị sitere n’àgwà ndị na-abụghị ịdị n’otu na ịhụnanya apụghị n’ụzọ ziri ezi n’ụzọ ime mmụọ dị ka chọọchị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst nke ziri ezi.” Ya bụ, Stetson lere ọgbakọ alaka ndị ọzọ dị na New York City anya dị ka “schismatic” (Stetson 1914/1917:307).
NDỤ
Dị ka Swihart si kwuo, Stetson chọrọ nrubeisi site n'aka ndị na-eso ya. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church. N'ime ya na Eddy, Stetson họọrọ ndị ikom na-eguzosi ike n'ihe ka ha na-agba ọsọ chọọchị ya, bụ nke "ghọrọ ihe magburu onwe ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na ntinye aka na onye isi na-achịkwa ọrụ ya niile" (Swihart 1931: 57). Ọchịchị Stetson na-achị chọọchị ya kpasuru Eddy iwe. Ọtụtụ n'ime iwu iwu na Eddy na-agbanwe Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church, gụnyere mkpebi ya ikpochapụ ndị pastọ na iguzobe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nkịtị, ka edoro akụkụ ụfọdụ na Stetson. N'ime ọgbakọ Sayensị Ndị Kraịst, ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ abụọ na-agụgharị akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ na Ahụike Sayensị, akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ndị a ka a na-ahọpụta ndị ụkọchukwu nke Nzukọ-nsọ nke Kraịst, ọkà mmụta sayensị na Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church (lee Peel 1977:32-33; Gottschalk 2006:226-228). Eddy mechara kpachie usoro ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ, mmegharị ọzọ nke ezubere iji belata ikike Stetson na chọọchị ya. N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị a siri ike, Stetson kwuru ugboro ugboro na ya na Eddy nwere mmekọrịta pụrụ iche, na-akpali onye nke ikpeazụ dee ya akwụkwọ, "Ekwula na ị bụ onye m họọrọ maka ị bụghị" (Eddy 1893b). Ma, dị ka Stetson mechara degara Eddy akwụkwọ, "Ọ dị ka mụ na gị ka a na-ejikọta ụwa ọnụ mana ọkụ ọkụ niile nke ndị iro anaghị ekewa anyị" (Stetson 1897).
Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ nke oge a kọwara Stetson dị ka onye nwere “ike idobere enweghị ike imebi” (Johnston 1907:159). Otú ọ dị, ụzọ Stetson ji mee ihe, wepụtaara ọgbaghara siri ike n'etiti ndị na-akwado Eddy n'ìgwè atụrụ Stetson nke New York City. Eddy degaara Stetson, sị: “Akpọrọ m Oriakụ Lathrop n'ụlọ ụka unu iji napụta ya n'aka mmegbu. "Ị gaghị ekwe ka ọ kwuo okwu na nzukọ gị ma ọ bụ kwe ka ụmụ akwụkwọ gị gaa nke ya na ntaramahụhụ nke ịhapụ ụka gị" (Eddy 1895). Dịka Eddy degara nwa ya nkuchi akwụkwọ na mbụ, “The nghotahie emere n'etiti mụ na Oriakụ Stetson bụ ezigbo akara nke . . . nke mmeghasị nke ihe niile anyị tụrụ anya ya” (Eddy 1893a, gosi na mbụ). N'ịgbalị ịme ka nwa akwụkwọ ya dị ike ma nwee nkà, Eddy nwere ndidi nke ukwuu, na-akpọkarị ya "nwanyị" n'akwụkwọ ozi ma na-arịọ ya ugboro ugboro ka ọ zụtara ya bonnets na uwe na New York City (Peel 1971: 177; Peel 1977: 331; Gottschalk 2006:368–71).
Mmetụta Stetson na mmegharị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst gbatịrị n'akụkụ New York City. Alaka ụka ụka atọ bụ ngalaba nke First Church of Christ, Scientist, New York City site na njikọ chiri anya n'etiti Stetson na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya: Albany, New York; Wilmington, North Carolina; na Cranford, New Jersey (Strickler 1909:208). Ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike n'ebe ndị dị ka Atlanta, Georgia; Butte, Montana; na, rue 1898, Portland, Oregon. N'agbanyeghị agọnarị Eddy ugboro ugboro, Stetson kwenyere na ọ ga-anọchi Eddy dị ka onye ndú nke okpukpe (Peel 1977: 332; Gottschalk 2006: 371).
ISSUES / CHALLENGES
Eddy kwuru otu oge nye Stetson, “Ị bụbu nwa akwụkwọ kacha nwee nsogbu nke m na-akpọ onye na-eguzosi ike n'ihe. . " (Eddy 1897a). Ebo ebubo na Stetson na-achị ndị òtù ọgbakọ ya mere ka ọ dapụrụ n'okirikiri ya nke ezigbo onye na-eso ụzọ ya na onye bụbu osote onye ụkọchukwu Carol Norton na 1897. Eddy dọrọ Stetson aka ná ntị na, ọ bụrụ na ọ kwụsịghị “oké ọchịchọ ara” ya, “ihe otiti ahụ ga-ada ogologo oge. na 'nkume ahụ nke ị jụrụ ga-egweri gị ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ'" (Eddy 1897b). N'otu oge ahụ owuwu ụlọ ụka Stetson meghere na 1903, otu onye na-enweghị mmasị kwuru, "Lee, ụdị Mafia nke uche na ogbugbu nke uche na-eche gị ihu" (New York Times 1903:5). Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekọta mmadụ bụ Robert David Thomas na-ekwu na "nkewa" Stetson (Thomas 1994: 268), ebe Gill na-akọwa Stetson dịka "onye na-agwọ ọrịa" (Gill 1998: 537). Ndị megidere ọchịchọ Stetson ma gosipụta omume “mgbagwoju anya” bụ ndị a kpapụrụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna chụpụ ha na chọọchị ya, gụnyere onye na-agụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke Chọọchị Nne n'ọdịnihu, William D. McCrackan (1864-1923), onye mebiri Stetson na 1906 (Swensen 2010: 7).
Mgbe akụkọ banyere alaka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ a chọrọ n'aka na Riverside Drive pụtara na ndị nta akụkọ n'isi mbido July 1909, Stetson zigara Eddy akwụkwọ ozi mejupụtara, nke gụnyere okwu dị nkenke, nke na-eto eto banyere ya site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya. N'ime akwụkwọ ozi a, Arnold Blome tikuru Stetson, "Ndụ gị zuru oke, na-abịa ngwa ngwa n'echiche zuru oke nke ịhụnanya," mgbe Kate Y. Remer nwere obi ụtọ, "Ị kpọghachila anyị n'ime ezigbo ogige Iden" (Stetson 1909). :2). N’ịbụ onye n’ama jijiji site n’akwụkwọ ozi ahụ mejupụtara, Eddy gwara Ndị Nduzi Ụka Nne ka ha malite nyocha nke Stetson, kpọọ ya na Boston maka ajụjụ, ma yie egwu ịchụpụ ya na ụka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kwụsịghị n’echiche na omume siri ike ya (Peel 1977:336–43). ; Gottschalk 2006:371–79; Bates na Dittemore 1932:432–33). Ọ bụ ezie na Eddy gbalịrị ịtụgharị uche na Stetson, ọ jụrụ Archibald McLellan, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Christian Science periodicals na onye nduzi, ka ọ dee "nkwupụta siri ike nke Ụka Nne Church baara mba nke Augusta E. Stetson ihe e bipụtara n'aha Christian Science" ( Eddy 1909a).
Virgil O. Strickler (1863-1921), Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke ụka Stetson na onye bụbu onye ọka iwu Omaha na onye ndu Populist Party, debere akwụkwọ edetu mgbe Stetson kpọchara ya ka ya na ndị na-arụ ọrụ ya na ndị ọrụ ya na-enwe awa abụọ kwa ụbọchị na-ezukọ n'ime awa abụọ na Jenụwarị 1909. nye Strickler, Stetson kwuru na ụka New York City Christian Science ndị ọzọ ezighi ezi, na "òtù ndị a aghaghị ịnwụ" (Strickler 1909:54), ma dọọ aka ná ntị na Laura Lathrop (1845-1922) kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịlụso ya ọgụ. "Ọ bụrụ na ị [Lathrop] adịghị mma, ị ghaghị pụọ, ma ka ị na-apụ ngwa ngwa ka mma, ma ka ị na-ata ahụhụ ka mma" (Strickler 1909:187, n'okpuru ya na mbụ). Stetson tụrụ egwu na "Ọ bụrụ Archibald Mclelland [sic] adịghị ele anya na ọ ga-aga ụkwụ isii n'okpuru ala" (Strickler 1909:189), ma kwupụta na, ebe ọ bụ na "Ụka Nne dị n'aka ekwensu," ọ ga-akpọnwụ ma nwụọ (Strickler 1909:208). –09). Mgbe Stetson lọtachara site na nzukọ ya na ndị nduzi, Strickler kọwara ya dị ka "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ hysterical," na-azọrọ na "ọ bụghị ya buliri ha [Ndị nduzi / Lathrop]; na ọ bụ mmadụ kwuru ihe ndị ahụ nakwa na mmadụ abụghị ezigbo onwe ya" (Strickler 1909:277). Stetson nọ na-ekwu na onwe ya zuru oke, n’onyinyo Chineke (lee Jen. 1:27), ekwughị egwu ndị ahụ. N'amaghị maka okwu ndị a, na mbido Ọgọstụ, Eddy gwara ndị nduzi ka ha hapụ Churchka Mbụ, New York ka ha leba anya n'okwu nke ndị isi ụka Stetson, dịka iwu siri dị. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Church.
Mgbe Strickler gosipụtara akwụkwọ ndekọta ya nye ndị isi Nduzi Ụka Nne na Ọgọst 30, 1909, ha “nwere nnọọ ọn̄ụ ma ghara ikwu okwu na n’ikpeazụ Oriakụ Eddy na onwe ha ga-enweta eziokwu gbasara ihe omimi zoro ezo nke First Church of New York City” (Strickler) 1909:306). Mgbe ndị nduzi kọọrọ Eddy ọdịnaya nke Strickler's diary, ọ gwara ha ka ha na-emeso "omume ọjọọ" nke Stetson (Eddy 1909c). Ugbu a na-ewesa Stetson iwe nke ọma, Eddy dọrọ ya aka ná ntị na ọ "bụ ọchịchịrị n'echiche gị banyere m na echiche m" (Eddy 1909b). N'oge ajụjụ ndị Directors nke iri na isii nke Stetson's practitions, e kpughere na Stetson na ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ghaworo ụgha n'okpuru iyi iji hụ na First Church of Christ, Scientist, New York City natara $60,000 n'okwu metụtara uche nke Helen C gbara mgba. . brush na 1901 (Gill 1998:513). Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọrụ iri na isii ahụ nọgidere na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Stetson wee soro ya pụọ na òtù Sayensị Ndị Kraịst a haziri ahazi. Dịka Eddy degaara ndị Directors, “ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ime ya nke ọma, hapụ njikọ Oriakụ Stetson na Ụka Nne. Ka onye ọ bụla ghara ịma ihe m degara gị n'okwu a" (Eddy 1909d).
Ma Stetson, onye bi n'otu ụlọ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ ụka o wuru, [Foto dị n'aka nri] nọgidere na-enwe mmetụta n'ọgbakọ ya. N’ime ọgbakọ ọgba aghara nke First Church, New York City na Nọvemba 4, 1909, akụkọ nke karịrị ibe akwụkwọ 1,000, nke ndị otu Stetson nọ n’ime okirikiri dere na gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ zuru ezu nke ya na ọtụtụ ndị otu ụka, hụrụ na ọ dị ọcha n’ebubo niile (lee Nzukọ-nsọ Mbụ). , New York 1909a). Dị ka Strickler na-edekọ ihe nkiri ahụ na nzukọ ahụ, "Akụkọ ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara. Ruo awa isii ndị mmadụ na-eti mkpu ma tie mkpu ma mee onwe ha ka ha dị ka ọtụtụ ndị India anụ ọhịa [sic]” (Strickler 1909:327). Eddy katọrọ “nnupụ isi ihere na Ụka Stetson. . . . Oriakụ Stetson. . . ga-eteta na égbè eluigwe Saịnaị. . " (Eddy 1909e). Na Nọvemba 18, 1909, ka ndị ntụzi-aka nyochachara nyocha nke awa isii siri ike karịa ụbọchị atọ, a chụpụrụ Stetson na Nzukọ-nsọ Nne. Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye otu ụka o hiwere ma duzie kemgbe afọ iri abụọ na atọ. Na Jenụwarị 1910 na nzụkọ afọ nke esemokwu nke First Church, New York, nke Eddy gbara ume, ndị otu meriri slate nke ndị ọrụ Stetson nke ọma (Bates na Dittemore 1932:439-42). Stetson nọgidere na-ebi n'ụlọ ya ma soro ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-eguzosi ike n'ihe na-ezute mgbe nile ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1928.
Ibu aka na akwukwo nke ndi nwanyi n'IZI
Augusta E. Stetson bụ otu n'ime Mary Baker Eddy's "ụmụ nwanyị agbagoro ọhụrụ" onye webatara Sayensị Ndị Kraịst na ozi ọma ya nke ọgwụgwọ na ọha mmadụ, ma ọ ghọrọ ihe mgbochi nye atụmatụ Eddy iji mebie "'àgwà' ma tinye ijegharị ya n'okpuru ndị ikom na-aga nke ọma na-anabata omenala ndị nna ochie" (Swensen 2008: 75, 76). [Foto dị n'aka nri] Ebe ọ bụ na Stetson na-ekwukarị na ya nwere obi ike ma na-agbachitere ụka ya mgbe niile, Eddy zara otu oge na iwe, "Ị dị obi ike ma ị bụ nwanyị n'anya ụmụ nwoke. . " (Eddy 1900a). Nke ahụ bụ, Eddy nwere nchegbu na Stetson eyighị ka ọ ghọtara ma ọ bụ na-eche na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị njide onwe onye na omenala ndị nna ochie nakwa na mmegide na-abawanye megide ya site n'aka ndị ikom na ndị inyom. Eddy maara nke ọma maka mmegide ọha mmadụ nke ya na Sayensị Ndị Kraịst chere ihu (Peel 1977:194–97, 200–02, 229–33; Gottschalk 2006:17–20, 46-47, 260–82; Bates na Dittemore 1932: 372, 378, 384, 403–18). Ọbụna nke New York Times zoro aka na Eddy dị ka "Onyeisi Nchụàjà" nke "òtù nzuzo na-efe efe," ma boro ebubo na "ụdị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst" bụ "ụbụrụ ụbụrụ" na "nwanyị na-adịghị mma" (New York Times 1904, nke e hotara na Swensen 2008: 83)
N'agbanyeghị Stetson gara n'ihu na-ajụ ịchịisi ndị nna ochie. "Site n'usoro echiche nke mmekọrịta," ka o chere, "ụmụ nwanyị anabatawo nkọwa nke Chineke ma na-achọ nnwere onwe site n'iwu mmadụ mere na ịgba ohu nke uche" (Stetson 1913/1917:715). Dị ka o dere n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ndị nta akụkọ:
Akụkọ ahụ dị ka Luk kọrọ na-egosi na ndị inyom ahụ Jizọs na-ahụ anya, ma na, ọ bụ ezie na Pita na ndị ikom ndị ọzọ gara n’ili ahụ, chọpụta na ahụ́ anụ ahụ́ nke Nna ha ukwu anọghị n’ebe ahụ, ha aghọtaghị nwoke ime mmụọ ahụ—“ Ya na ha ahụghị" (Stetson 1913/1917:955).
Stetson mere ka o doo anya karị banyere ọrụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke ụmụ nwanyị: "Ọ bụ nwanyị ahụ dị na Mkpughe bụ onye a ga-eyikwasị ìhè iji kọwaa Okwu Chineke" (Stetson 1913 / 1917: 87). N’ebe a Stetson nọ na-ekwu na-enweghị ihere na Eddy bụ “nwanyị ahụ yi uwe anyanwụ” (Mkpu. 12:1–2). Ọ bụghị naanị ya na-ekwupụta echiche a banyere Eddy (Thomas 1994: 271-273).
Ọkà mmụta okpukpe Susan Hill Lindley edewo na "ndị ọ bụla nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ [na Eddy] bụ ndị bilitere, karịsịa onye na-eso ụzọ ya, Augusta Stetson, na-ebipụ n'enweghị obi ebere" (Lindley 1996: 270). Lindley ziri ezi na Eddy hụrụ onwe ya dị ka naanị “Onye Ndu” nke ngagharị ya, mana Stetson na ndị isi Ụka Nne mere omume n'ụzọ siri ike. Dịka ọnụ na-ekwuru Ụka Nne Alfred A. Farlow (1860-1919) siri kwuo, nchụpụ Stetson bụ “omume ịdọ aka ná ntị” (Farlow, 1909, nke e hotara na Swensen 2020:39). A chụpụrụkwa nwanyị ọzọ dị ike n'akụkụ n'oge a. Dittemore gwara Strickler na Board of Directors enyochala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya "nnukwu ụka ebe nwanyị na-ele anya n'ile anya dị ka Oriakụ Stetson nọ na First Church [New York]." Ndị nduzi ahụ rụziri ịchụpụ ya “n’ime awa 48” (Strickler 1909:245). Ebe Eddy "lere ndị ikom [ndị ọkachamara] anya dị ka ihu ọha nke Sayensị Ndị Kraịst" ma dabere na ụmụ nwanyị na-eme onwe ha ka ha "wulite mmegharị ahụ site na ala" (Gottschalk 2006: 185), ọnụnọ dị elu nke Stetson na mgbalị ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ oke egwu na atụmatụ ahụ.
Nchụpụ Stetson bụ mmalite nke mkpọsa Ndị Nduzi Ụka nke Nne iji nweta nhazi n'ụdị ụlọọrụ, nkwekọ, na ịdị n'otu n'ime Nzukọ-nsọ nke Kraịst, òtù ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, usoro nke gụnyere ma nwoke na nwanyị. Usoro a nwetara ume ka Eddy nwụsịrị ná ngwụcha afọ 1910. Ka ọ na-erule 1912, Farlow, onye nọworo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ onye njikwa dị ike na onye nweere onwe ya nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Publication for The Mother Church, hụrụ onwe ya “ma ọlị ka ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ka ọ dị” ( Hendrick 1912:482). Ọ rịara ọrịa, were ezumike ogologo oge, ma gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na 1914 (New York Tribune 1914:1). (N'afọ 1900, Eddy hiwere kọmitii steeti na mbipụta - abụọ maka California - ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị nche iji chebe mmegharị ahụ pụọ n'ihe iyi egwu ndị ụkọchukwu, ahụike na ndị omebe iwu.) Na 1922, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwalitekwuru ikike ha mgbe ha chụpụrụ mmadụ atọ ahụ nwere onwe ha. ndị nwoke na-elekọta ndị otu Christian Science Publishing Society ka ha nwesịrị ikpe ogologo oge na nke ilu na 1919–1921, akpọrọ “Akwa ikpe” (Swensen 2020:40-46). Na 1919, ndị nduzi chụrụ Dittemore na-akwadoghị ya ma jiri nwa akwụkwọ Eddy dochie ya Annie M. Knott (1850–1941), nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na Board. Na mmalite nke usoro iwu, Stetson kwuru, "Ugbu a enwere ikpe ọzọ na Boston. Anyị na-ahụ akwadoro okwu ndị ahụ n’Abụ Ọma 7:15” (nke ekwuru na Cunningham 1994:198). Amaokwu a na-agụ “O mere olùlù, gwuo ya, daa n’ime olùlù nke Ọ rụrụ” (KJV). Ya mere, jettisoning nke Stetson bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu nhazigharị nke ngagharị Sayensị Ndị Kraịst (Swensen 2020:49).
Onye nhazi mara mma, onye wuru ụlọ ụka Beaux Arts a ma ama na New York City, onye na-agwọ ọrịa na-aga nke ọma, ọkà okwu nwere nkà, onye na-ede uri nwere nkà, na onye na-ede egwú ime mmụọ, bụ, ruo oge ụfọdụ, ihe nlereanya nke onye ndú okpukpe na-aga nke ọma. N'ịbụ onye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya hụrụ n'anya, ọ dabara n'akụkụ ụzọ mgbe omume nkwuwa okwu ya yiri nzukọ ụka na-ese okwu nke Eddy na ndị isi ya na-ewu. Ọtụtụ ihe Stetson rụzuru na-akpọkwu ọmụmụ ihe, yana ọnọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị isi okpukperechi nke ụwa.
Foto
Foto #1: Augusta E. Stetson (1842-1928). Site n'ikike nke Library nke Congress, #94508910.
Onyonyo #2: Ụka Mbụ nke Kraịst, Scientist, New York City, Central Park West na 96th Street. Carrere & Hastings, Ndị na-ese ihe. Foto Ihe ndekọ ihe owuwu, Ọnwa Mbụ 1904. Nwebiisinka kubie ume.
Onyonyo #3: Ime ụlọ ụka mbụ nke Kraịst, ọkà mmụta sayensị, New York City, Central Park West na 96th Street. Carrere & Hastings, Ndị na-ese ihe. Charles H. Carttell mere ya mma. Foto Ihe ndekọ ihe owuwu, Ọnwa Mbụ 1904. Nwebiisinka kubie ume.
Foto #4: Ebe obibi nke Augusta E. Stetson, New York City. A na-ese onyinyo azụ nke ụlọ nke First Church of Christ, Scientist, New York City n'akụkụ aka nri. Ịchụ nta & ịchụ nta, ndị na-emepụta ihe. Nwebiisinka kubie ume.
Foto #5: Eserese nke Augusta E. Stetson na 1908 na-eji pin nwere ihe osise Mary Baker Eddy gbara ya gburugburu na diamond ma tinye ya na ọla edo, nke Eddy nyere Stetson na 1898. N'azụ pin ka a kanyere, "Nne , 1898." Ụlọ akwụkwọ Congress. Lee Longyear Museum, https://www.longyear.org/learn/research-archive/a-miniature-portrait-of-mary-baker-eddy-finds-its-way-to-longyear-museum/.
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AJỤRỤ AKWỤKWỌ NDỊ
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Acknowledgements
Onye edemede ga-amasị ikele Mary Baker Eddy Library; Ọbá akwụkwọ Burke, Seminary Theological Union; na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Huntington. Ndị ọrụ nke Mary Baker Eddy Library na The Mother Church, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston, Massachusetts, jiri nlezianya nyochaa profaịlụ maka izi ezi nke ederede na ntụnyere aka. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mbipụta nke Chọọchị Nne ji obiọma nyere m aka na usoro ikike. Echiche nke onye odee kwuputara n'ọrụ a bụ naanị nke ya ma ọ bụghị The Mary Baker Eddy Library ma ọ bụ Mary Baker Eddy Collection kwadoro ya.
Ụbọchị Mgbasa Ozi:
23 January 2023
