PTL

Oge nke PTL

1940 (Jenụwarị 2): Jim Bakker mụrụ na Muskegon, Michigan.

1961 (Eprel 1): Jim Bakker na Tammy Faye LaValley lụrụ na Minneapolis.

1965 (September): The Jim na Tammy Show ewepụtara ya na Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN)

1966 (Nọvemba): The 700 Club a rụrụ na CBN.

1972 (November): Bakker kpụrụ Atọ n'Ime Otu Broadcasting Systems (TBS) na Southern California.

1973 (mmiri): The Ụlọ ọgbakọ PTL ewepụtara na TBS.

1974: Jim na Tammy Bakker kwagara Charlotte, North Carolina.

1978 (Jenụwarị 2): Bakker mebiri ala maka Heritage USA.

1979 (March): FCC malitere nyocha banyere iji ego PTL eme ihe.

1978: Bakker weputara netwọk satịlaịtị PTL.

1980 (December 6): Jim Bakker nwere mmekọrịta mmekọahụ na Jessica Hahn, onye odeakwụkwọ ụka dị afọ iri abụọ na otu si Long Island, New York.

1982 (April 26): PTL meghere ndị mmadụ hụrụ n'anya mbụ na Heritage USA.

1983: Bakker kwuputara mmalite nke "mmekọrịta oge ndụ."

1983 (Jenụwarị): Ọnụ ọgụgụ agụmakwụkwọ mepere emepe.

1983 (June): PTL meghere Heritage Inn, ụlọ iri itoolu na isii.

1983 (December 7): PTL mebiri ala maka $ 25,000,000 504-room Heritage Grand Hotel.

1984 (February): Bakker malitere ịkwalite mmekorita nke ndụ na ikuku.

1984 (Septemba): Bakker kwupụtara ọkwa mmekọrịta nke ndụ ọzọ. N'oge a, mmekorita ahụ bụ maka ụlọ elu Heritage Ground nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ iri abụọ na otu, 500.

1984 (December 22): Heritage Grand meghere, ọnwa isii n'azụ oge.

1985 (February 19): Bakker kwuputara mmekorita oge ndụ Silver.

1985 (September 4): Bakker kwuputara mmemme mmekorita ndụ ọhụrụ, Silver 7,000.

Julaị 1986: PTL nyefere Heritage Island Water Park, Fort Hope, na Ụlọ Kevin.

1986: Ndị mmadụ 6,000,000 gara Heritage USA, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mmasị nke atọ a kacha eleta na United States n'azụ Disneyland na Disney World.

1987 (Jenụwarị 2): Bakker mebiri ala maka Crystal Palace Ministry Center.

1987 (March 19): Bakker gbara arụkwaghịm na PTL mgbe nwale mmekọahụ nke Disemba 1980 ya na Jessica Hahn ghọrọ ọha.

1987 (June 12): PTL kwupụtara Isi nke 11 enweghị ego.

1988 (December 5): E boro Jim Bakker ebubo na ebubo gọọmenti etiti maka ozi na wayo waya.

1989 (October): A mara Bakker ikpe maka ebubo nke mail na waya wayo. A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri anọ na ise.

1990 (Mee): Morris Cerullo, yana otu ndị na-etinye ego na Malaysian, zụtara PTL maka $ 52,000,000, $ 7,000,000 maka netwọk satịlaịtị na $ 45,000,000 maka ogige 2,200-acre Heritage USA. Cerullo tụgharịrị aha ogige ahụ New Heritage USA.

1990 (December 14): Achọpụtara Bakker ikpe aghụghọ nke iwu na-ezighi ezi na ikpe ikpe-klaasị ma nye ya iwu ịkwụ ụgwọ $ 129,700,000 na mmebi.

1991 (February): Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị mere ka ikpe Bakker dị afọ iri na asatọ.

1992 (December): A mara ikpe Bakker ruo afọ asatọ.

1994 (July): A tọhapụrụ Bakker n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.

1997 (November): New Heritage USA mechiri.

1998: Bakker lụrụ Lori Graham.

2003: Bakker malitere Ihe ngosi Jim Bakker.

2007 (July 20): Tammy Faye nwụrụ mgbe ọrịa kansa gbasaara na ngụgụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.

2008: Bakker kwagara na Blue Eye, Missouri ịmalite Morningside.

2020 (March): Ndị na-achịkwa Federal na Attorney General si New York na Missouri nyere Bakker iwu ka ọ kwụsị ire ọlaọcha colloidal dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka COVID-19.

2021 (June): Onye ọka iwu Missouri kwuputara mmezi nke ikpe steeti megide Bakker.

FOUNTER / GROUP HISTORY

A mụrụ Jim Bakker na Jenụwarị 2, 1940, na Muskegon, Michigan, nye nne na nna Raleigh na Furnia Bakker. Raleigh bụ onye na-ahụ maka igwe n'osisi piston na Furnia bụ onye nwe ụlọ. Bakker tolitere n'ezinụlọ Pentikọstal siri ike. Nna ya ji ncha sachaa ọnụ ya n’otu oge maka ịsị “Gee whiz” ma nne ya “mesikwara ụkpụrụ ịdị ọcha ike anya.” Ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ncheta mbụ ya bụ foto dị n’ụkwụ atọ n’ogologo nke anya mmadụ nke kpọgidere n’ime ụlọ akwụkwọ Sunday ya ka ya na ụmụaka ndị ọzọ na-abụ, “Anya ya na-ele gị, gị, gị: (Wigger 2017: 10). Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Bakker malitere ịpụta na shei ya. O sonye na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ịgba egwu deejayed, wee kwado usoro ihe ngosi dị iche iche ama ama.

Ihe abụọ na-agbanwe ndụ mere Bakker mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, otu nwoke (Bakker a na-akpọ ya Russell) si na chọọchị ya kparịrị ya. Mmegbu ahụ were ọtụtụ afọ. Ihe omume nke abụọ mere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị mgbe Bakker dị afọ iri na isii. Na Disemba 1956, ọ gbara Jimmy Summerfield dị afọ atọ na Cadillac nna ya 1952.

N'okwu Bakker, ịgba ọsọ Summerfield (onye lanarịrị ihe mberede ahụ) mere ka o kwenye ịga North Central Bible College na Minneapolis, bụ ebe o debanyere aha na 1959. Na North Central, Bakker nọgidere na-etinye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ bụ sophomore, ọ zutere Tammy LaValley, onye ọ jụrụ lụọ nwunye mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara. Ha lụrụ n’April 1961. Mgbe ha lụchara, ndị Bakker kwụsịrị ịgagharị ma ghọọ ndị nkwusa Pentikọstal na-eme njem. Karịsịa ewu ewu bụ ihe ngosi ha, nke Tammy wetara ndụ, na-enye ndị na-anụ ụda olu na àgwà. [Foto dị n'aka nri]

Ihe ngosi nwa nkịta n'oge na-adịghị anya dọtara uche Pat Robertson, onye nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ TV upstart Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN). Ihe ngosi mbụ ha, nke a na-akpọ na mbụ Bịa Gafere ma gbanwere na Jim na Tammy Show iji gosipụta ewu ewu nke di na nwunye na-eto eto, nke ewepụtara na Septemba 1965.

Bakker gosikwara na ya bụ ezigbo onye na-akpakọba ego n'oge telethon nke CBN mere na Nọvemba 1965. Ebumnuche inweta ego n'afọ ahụ bụ $120,000, site na $40,000 n'afọ gara aga. Ka telethon na-aga, ọ bịara doo anya na ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ agaghị erute ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya. Mgbe Bakker risịrị arịrịọ anya mmiri maka ego, nkwa wụsara, na-ebuli ego zuru ezu iji kwụọ ụgwọ ọdụ ọdụ na ọrụ ego maka afọ na-abịa. Telethon na-esote nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma.

Ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịchịkọta ego nyere Bakker obi ike zuru oke iji were echiche ya maka ihe ngosi okwu Ndị Kraịst nye Robertson. Mgbe Bakkers na-ejegharị ejegharị ozioma, ha decompress n'abalị site na-ekiri Ihe ngosi abalị a na Johnny Carson. Bakker chọrọ imepụta ihe ngosi na-atọ ụtọ maka ndị na-ege Ndị Kraịst. Ihe ngosi ohuru, nke 700 Club, arụpụtara ya na November 1966.

Ka ọ na-erule 1972, Jim na Tammy malitere inwe mmetụta na-achụpụ ha na CBN. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ahụ kwenyere na ha bụ "prima donnas" na Bakker na Robertson na-ese okwu maka ọhụụ asọmpi maka ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ. Bakker chọrọ idobe ya 100 percent Christian ebe Robertson chọrọ ịgbasa ndị na-ege CBN site n'igosi ihe ngosi nke ụwa dịka. Hapụ ya na Beaver, Ihe ngosi Dick Van Dyke, na Agwaetiti Gilligan. Mgbe ọ bịara doo anya na ọ gaghị agafe ụzọ ya, Bakker gbara arụkwaghịm na CBN na Nọvemba 1972. Ndị Bakkers hiwere ụlọ ọrụ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke onwe ha, Trinity Broadcasting Systems (TBS), bụ nke akwadoro ịrụ ọrụ na California na June. 1973. Bakker malitekwara okwu okwu ọhụrụ, nke Ụlọ ọgbakọ PTL, nkenke maka “Toonụ Onyenwe Anyị.”

Dị ka o mere na CBN, Jim na Paul Crouch, onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ na TBS, na-ese okwu na ntụziaka nke ọdụ ụgbọ. N'agbanyeghị na ha bụ ndị Pentikọstal, Crouch na ndị na-akwado ya enweghị mmasị na ụdị ọmarịcha Bakker. Ha na-alụkwa ọgụ maka ego. Ná ngwụsị nke November 1973, Jim na Tammy enweghịkwa ọrụ ọzọ. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ọzọ. Oge a na Charlotte, North Carolina, ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ TV ọzọ, PTL.

PTL toro ngwa ngwa na ọkara nke abụọ nke 1970s. PTL gbasaara ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ ya, mepụta netwọkụ satịlaịtị, zụta akụrụngwa ọhụrụ, wee wepụta ministri na Latin America, Europe, Africa na Asia. N'afọ 1974, e nwere naanị ihe dị ka ọkara mmadụ iri na abụọ na ndị ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1979, e nwere ndị ọrụ 700.

Afọ ndị a hụkwara Bakker na ihe ọhụrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ. Na PTL, Bakker gara n'ihu na-emepụta usoro ngosi okwu iji mee ka ọ dị mkpa ma na-adọrọ mmasị. Ndị ọbịa gụnyere Little Richard, Colonel Sanders, [Foto dị n'aka nri] bụbu Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver, bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, Maria Von Trapp nke Ụda egwu ama ama, hustler onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Larry Flynt, Apollo astronaut James Irwin, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Dean Jones, Mr. T, Dale Evans, na Roy Rogers, onye Watergate, Chuck Colson, na onye mmeri ịkụ ọkpọ n'ụwa dị arọ George Foreman.

Otu nnukwu ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ bụ netwọk satịlaịtị, nke ọ malitere na mmalite 1978. Netwọk satịlaịtị nyere PTL ohere ịme mmemme awa iri abụọ na anọ kwa ụbọchị. Naanị ọdụ HBO na Ted Turner dị na Atlanta meriri PTL n'ime oghere.

Ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ọzọ bụ Heritage USA, nke Bakker mebiri ala maka na Jenụwarị 2, 1978. Nkebi obodo, akụkụ ozi ụka, na ezumike ezumike, Heritage USA toro ruo 2,300 acres, nwere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ 500, otu n'ime ogige mmiri kachasị na ya. United States, ebe a na-azụ anụ ụlọ, ụzọ ịnya ịnyịnya, ogige tenis, ebe obibi maka ndị nne na-alụbeghị di, ihe ntụrụndụ nke ọnụ ụlọ dị elu, ebe obibi Billy Graham na nwata, ebe obibi maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, a okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko pere mpe, ụgbọ mmiri paddle, ụlọ ihe nkiri onyonyo ọgbara ọhụrụ, yana ọtụtụ ụlọ condominium na mmepe ụlọ. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Site na 1986, ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu na United States, na-adọta ndị ọbịa 6,000,000 n'afọ ahụ, nke atọ naanị na Disneyland na Disney World.

Ịkwanye ego maka Heritage USA abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata nrụgide na ndụ Bakker. Alụmdi na nwunye ya na-adakwa, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi mmasị ya na iwu Heritage USA na ihe gbasara Tammy. Don Hardister, onye isi nchekwa PTL n'oge ahụ, chetara na ọ "bụ oge nhụsianya, oge nhụsianya" (Wigger 2021). Ọ bụ ezie na akaụntụ ha dị iche ma gbanwee ka oge na-aga, Bakker na Jessica Hahn, bụ ndị odeakwụkwọ chọọchị dị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'oge ahụ, ha abụọ kwenyere na ha nwere mmekọahụ na December 6, 1980, na Clearwater Beach, Florida. ụlọ nkwari akụ. Iji zoo okwu ahụ na nzuzo, ụfọdụ ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ PTL, nwere ego sitere n'aka onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta Roe Messner, kwụrụ Hahn $265,000 na obere ego.

Ọ nweghị ihe dị na PTL dị ọnụ ala. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1983, mgbe ọ na-agbalị ịkpata ego iji wuo $25,000,000, 500-room Heritage Grand Hotel, Bakker nwetara ụzọ dị mfe ịnakọta ego. N'ịgbanwe maka onyinye otu oge nke $1,000, Bakker kwere 25,000 "ndị mmekọ ndụ" 1984 na ha ga-enweta ụbọchị anọ na abalị atọ n'efu na Heritage Grand kwa afọ maka oge ndụ ha niile. Bakker malitere ịkwalite mmekorita nke ndụ na ikuku na February 25,000. Ka ọ na-erule July, PTL rere ihe karịrị 13,000 mmekọrịta wee nata ihe karịrị 500 nkwa. Nke a bụ naanị nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ mmekọrịta ndụ maka ọrụ owuwu ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nwere ọnụ ụlọ 150,000 ọzọ, Heritage Towers, nke emechabeghị. N'ihe niile, ndị na-akwado PTL zụtara ihe karịrị XNUMX mmekọrịta ndụ.

Na Machị 19, 1987, Bakker gbara arụkwaghịm na PTL mgbe mbọ ya na Hahn ghọrọ ọha. N'ime oku ekwentị ya na ndị nta akụkọ na ndị editọ sitere na Charlotte Observer, n'oge ọ gụrụ site na nkwupụta akwadoro, Bakker kwuru, na "Ejiwo ya mee ihe n'ụzọ ọjọọ site n'aka ndị enyi mbụ na-aghọgbu na mgbe ahụ ndị ọrụ ibe bụ ndị megburu m site n'enyemaka nke otu nwanyị na-arụkọ ọrụ" ("Jim Bakker" 1987). Ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka Bakker boro omume idina ụdị onwe pụtara n'ihu ọha, n'agbanyeghị na Bakker gọnarịrị mkpughe ndị a n'okpuru iyi. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm, Bakker nwere nzukọ ya na onye mgbasa ozi okpukpe Baptist bụ Jerry Falwell, onye Bakker họọrọ n'ihi na ọ na-atụ egwu na Pentikọstal ibe ya na onye iro ya, Jimmy Swaggart, nọ na-ele anya na netwọk satịlaịtị PTL na Heritage USA. Akụkọ Bakker na Falwell dị iche na nzụkọ ahụ. Bakker ekwuola na Falwell kpaliri ya ka ọ kwụsị ịchịkwa PTL nakwa na ọ ga-eweghara ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri atọ ruo iri itoolu ruo mgbe akụkọ Hahn kwụsịrị, na-enye Bakker ohere ịlaghachi n'ọkwa ya dị ka onyeisi oche, onye isi oche, na pastọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. ụka. Falwell kwuru na ọ bụ Bakker rịọrọ ya ka o weghara ya nakwa na o nweghị usoro iheomume maka nlọghachi ya.

Mgbe ndị na-edekọ ego Falwell mesịrị nweta akwụkwọ PTL, ọ wụrụ ha akpata oyi mgbe ha chọpụtara na PTL bụ $65,000,000 n'ụgwọ na-efunahụkwa $2, nde kwa ọnwa nakwa na site na 1984 ruo 1986, ọ mefuru $40,000,000 karịa ka ọ na-ewe. n'ime ụgwọ, ndị Bakkers nọgidere na-enwe ọganihu. N'agbata Jenụwarị 1984 na Machị 1987, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị Bakkers nwetara $4.800,000 na ụgwọ ọnwa na ụgwọ ọrụ. Ewezuga mmadụ ole na ole n'ime, ọ nweghị onye dị njikere maka ọnụọgụ ndị a. Mgbe nchọpụta nke ụgwọ PTL na ụgwọ ndị Bakkers, Falwell kwupụtara na Bakker atụgharịala PTL ka ọ bụrụ "scab na cancer na ihu nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst" (Leland 1987).

Mkpughe nke ego Hahn hush na steeti ego PTL dọtara uche nke ndị na-achịkwa gọọmentị etiti. Na Disemba 1988, nnukwu ndị juri gọọmenti etiti gbara Bakker ebubo maka ebubo mail na wayo. Ọnwụnwa na-esote lekwasịrị anya n'ịchịkọta ego Bakker n'etiti 1983 na 1987, ma ọ bụ afọ ndị erere mmekọrịta oge ndụ. Ndị ọka iwu gọọmentị boro ebubo na Bakker kpachaara anya gbachie mmekọrịta ya na ndụ ya iji kpuchie nnukwu ụgwọ PTL na ịkwalite ndụ okomoko nke ya.

Mgbe ikpe nke ọnwa ise gasịrị, nke malitere n'August 1989, na mgbe onye akaebe dakwasịrị n'elu oche na Bakker nwetara mgbakasị uche, ndị juri hụrụ ya ikpe nke mail na waya wayo. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Onye ọka ikpe Federal Robert Potter, nke a makwaara dị ka "Maximum Bob," mara Bakker n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ iri anọ na ise. Mgbe ọtụtụ usoro ikpe belatara ntaramahụhụ ya, a tọhapụrụ Bakker n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na July 1994.

O si n'ụlọ mkpọrọ pụta, onye gbanwere. Nke kachasị, ọ kwụsịrị ozi ọma nke ọganihu na akụkọ akụkọ ndụ ya mgbe ụlọ mkpọrọ gasịrị. Enwetaghị m ya. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o nwere oge ịmụchi Bible anya, bụ́ ihe o leghaara anya mgbe ọ na-agba PTL. N'akwụkwọ ya, o kwupụtara na ya "na-achọsi ike na ụlọ Heritage USA" na "ego [bịara] dị mkpa karịa ozi" (Bakker 1996). Ọ gbasiri ike karịa n'ịkatọ ozi ọma ọganihu n'ime akwụkwọ 1998 ya, Ọganihu na Apọkalips na-abịa. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwuru na ya ekwusala "ozi ọma Disneyland" ma kweta ọdịda omume nke ndụ ya na ụgwọ ọrụ ya na PTL.

Mgbe Bakker na-agbalị imezigharị ihe oyiyi ya, Heritage USA dara n'enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara obodo Charlotte, mana, na Septemba 2004, pastọ Rick Joyner zụtara acres iri ise na abụọ nke ogige Heritage USA ochie. Ozi Joyner rụzigharịrị Heritage Grand ka ọ bụrụ ebe mgbagha na ebe ọgbakọ ogbako, mana Ụlọ Elu ka bụ nnukwu shei.

Mgbe ọ gbara alụkwaghịm Bakker na March 1992, Tammy lụrụ Roe Messner, onye na-arụ ọrụ nke wuru ọtụtụ Heritage USA na October 1993. Ọ malitekwara ọrụ nke ya. Malite na Disemba 1995, ọ kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ Jim J. na Tammy Faye Show ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke bụ Jim J. Bullock. N'oge a, Tammy aghọwo akara ngosi nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Bullock gosipụtara na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe nabatara Tammy n'ihi na, "Ọ dị iche ma dị iche, ọ dabaraghịkwa n'ụdị ọ bụla"

(Wigger 2017: 333). Bullock na Tammy chịkọtara ihe ngosi iri ise ọnụ tupu a chọpụta ya na ọ nwere ọrịa cancer eriri afọ na March 1996. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri vidio, Anya Tammy Faye, RuPaul Charles kwuru. Ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ́ nke kọwara ya dị ka ihe karịrị nanị nwunye onye nkwusa e mechuru ihu ma mee ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ kwụsiri ike, merie ọtụtụ ndị na-amasị ya. Na 2004, ọ gbara aka n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ama ama ama ama dị ka Erik Estrada, Traci Bingham, Vanilla Ice, Trishelle Cannatella na Ron Jeremy na oge abụọ nke usoro VH1, Ndụ Surreal. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Tammy Faye nwụrụ na Julaị 20, 2007.

Bakker alaghachila na mgbọrọgwụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ego, onye na-ewu alaeze ukwu na onye na-elekọta telivishọn. Na Jenụwarị 2, 2003, Bakker laghachiri na telivishọn, na-anabata ya Ihe ngosi Jim Bakker site na Studio City Café na Branson, Missouri. Bakker, onye chere na ọ gaghị alaghachi na telivishọn, o doro anya na ọ na-arịa ọrịa ọnwa abụọ na-eduga na mmalite ihe ngosi ahụ. Bakker kwuru, "Ọ bụ ihe na-atụ egwu ịlaghachi na ikuku." "Ma ejiri m afọ 40 nke ndụ m n'ihu igwefoto, na izu ndị mbụ gara aga, ọ dị m ka m lọghachitere n'ụlọ." Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya dị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụbọchị ebube nke 1980, Bakker nwere olileanya na nlọghachi ya ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ "olileanya na oge gara aga nwere ike ịgafe, na Chineke nwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'agbanyeghị ihe ha na-enweta" (Buckstaff 2003).

Afọ ise ka ọ laghachiri, Bakker kwagara na Blue Eye, Missouri, ihe dị ka maịl iri atọ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Branson, ebe ọ na-agba Morningside ugbu a. Ewezuga nha ya gbadata, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị na Morningside yiri Heritage USA. Facade ya dị ka Heritage Grand Hotel na ime ụlọ ya Grace Street yiri Main Street na Heritage USA. Grace Street nwekwara ụlọ condominium, ihe onyonyo, ụlọ oriri na ọ restaurantụ ,ụ, ụlọ ụka, ụlọ ịwụ mma na spa, ụlọ ahịa izugbe, na sinima. [Foto #6] Morningside, nke na-efu ihe ruru $ 25,000,000, bụ onye ọchụnta ego Jerry Crawford kwadoro, onye kwuru na Bakker na-echekwa alụmdi na nwunye ya na njem na PTL na 1986 (McKinney 2017).

Ihe ngosi ọhụrụ nke Bakker nwere mmetụta nke puku afọ, prepper. Ọ na-ere ngwaahịa ndị o chere na ndị mmadụ ga-achọ n'oge nsogbu, gụnyere bọket nri akpọnwụwo akpọnwụ, ihe ndị a ga-ama ụlọikwuu, ndị na-emepụta anyanwụ, na ihe nzacha mmiri. Ndị ọbịa ya na-egosipụtakwa ozi ọhụrụ a. Bakker na ndị ọbịa ya na-ekwukarị banyere otú ihe ndị dị ugbu a si bụrụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nloghachi Kraịst dị nso (Funk 2018).

N'oge a, Bakker etinyekwala aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mgbe ọ bụ onye isi PTL, ọ na-ezere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkachasị agha ọdịnala na-ekewa, mana ọ nabatala ha. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu nke Onye isi ala Donald Trump tupu, n'oge, na mgbe ọchịchị ya gasịrị.

Na Mee 2020, Bakker tara ahụhụ nwa ya nwoke kọwara dị ka “obere ọrịa strok” (Marusak 2020).

ỤLỌDỤ / EKWERE

Enwere ike imebi usoro nkwenye Bakker n'ime oge abụọ dị iche iche. Nke mbụ, n'ime ụbọchị PTL ya, gbadoro ụkwụ na ozi ọma ọganihu. Dị ka onye nkwusa ọganihu, Bakker kwenyere na ahụ ike na akụ na ụba bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ihu ọma Chineke. N'etiti ozi ọganihu Bakker bụ "okwukwe mkpụrụ." Echiche ahụ dị nnọọ mfe: ka a na-enyekwu ozi Ndị Kraịst, otú ahụ ka onye ahụ pụrụ ịtụ anya inwetakwu ngọzi. Obere nke nyere, obere onye nwere ike ịtụ anya ịga nke ọma. Nke a bụ oge nke onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Kate Bowler kpọrọ "ọganihu siri ike," bụ nke "dopụtara n'etiti ọnọdụ ndụ na okwukwe nke onye kwere ekwe" (Bowler 2013: 97). Ụdị nke Bakker nke ozi ọma ọganihu bụ ihe karịrị naanị ọganihu akụ na ụba, Otú ọ dị. PTL gụnyere ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kpọrọ “ozi ọma nke ndụ bara ụba,” okwu na-agụnye ihe karịa ozi ọma ọganihu. Ndị ọbịa na Heritage USA (tinyere ndị na-ekiri na telivishọn) nụrụ banyere otu esi ebi ndụ na-eju afọ site na mmega ahụ na àgwà iri nri na ndụ mmekọahụ.

Edebere n'ozi ọganihu a bụ ọhụụ nke oge gara aga America na-adịghị mma. Bakker gbaziri nke ọma site na "Frontierland" Magic Kingdom na "Main Street USA" iji mepụta "pastiche nke Americana akara ngosi." Ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe ijuanya na egwu egwu ama ama nke ogige ahụ nwere ụbọchị mmeghe ya na Julaị 4, 1984 (Johnson 2014).

Nke abụọ, na nke kachasị ugbu a, etinyelarị gburugburu apocalypse. Na 1998, Bakker dere n'akwụkwọ ya, Ọganihu na Comin Apọkalips, “Na nkenke, ozi ọhụrụ [bụ] nke a: oge ​​ọganihu agwụla; Oge dị egwu na-abịakwasị anyị, ọgwụgwụ nke oge a dị nso" (Bakker 1998: 6). Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Matthew Avery Sutton si kwuo, apocalypticism bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke izisa ozi ọma nke America kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, na-ekpuchi "n'oge dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme America" ​​(Sutton 2014: 7). Apọkalips nke Bakker bịara ka njọ mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11, 2001 gasịrị. N'akwụkwọ 2012 ya, Oge eruola, Bakker kwuru na ya nwere ọhụụ nke ọgụ na Hurricane Katrina. N'April 2020, o kwuru na ọrịa COVID-19 bụ mmezu nke amụma ọ natara ọnwa ole na ole gara aga.

Bakker abụrụla nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa, na-akwalitekarị echiche nke nku aka nri. N’ọnwa Julaị afọ 2017, o kwuru na onye ọ bụla na-emegide Onye isi ala Donald Trump ga-eweso iwe Chineke ihu. "Chineke na-eme ihe," ka o kwuru na ihe nkiri TV ya. “Chineke na-ekwu. Chineke na-eweghara. Aga m agwa gị ihe, agaghị m aghọgbu Trump. Ị ka mma ịkpachara anya, n'ihi na m chọrọ ịgwa gị, a ga-enwe ikpe na-abịa ma ọ bụrụ na America gbakụta azụ n'ihe Chineke na-agbalị ime, n'ihi na Chineke na-agbalị ịzọpụta America "(Mantyla 2017). N'April 2018, o kwuru na mmegide megide Trump bụ ihe ịrịba ama na "America nọ n'agha megide Chineke" (Mantyla 2018). N'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2020, Bakker kwuru na Ndị Kraịst nwere ọrụ ịtụ vootu n'ihi na akụkụ nke ọzọ "na-eme ntuli aka maka okwukwe ha, okwukwe ha bụkwa ofufe Setan." Na Septemba 2021, Bakker nwere telethon ụbọchị atọ nwere onye ama ama na ntuli aka ntuli aka 2020 Mike Lindell n'oge ha rere ohiri isi ma kwalite ebubo aghụghọ ntuli aka (Edwards 2021).

Ozi apocalyptic dị ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Bakker. Dịka nke 2017, Morningside mepere ọrụ ụlọ ọhụrụ abụọ. The Big Red Barn bụ akụkọ isii toro ogologo, nwere ohere maka inyinya, ma nweekwa nchekwa zuru oke maka ọtụtụ nde ọrụ nlanarị, ka Bakker siri kwuo. Ụlọ Lori, aha ya bụ Lori Bakker, bụ ebe obibi maka ndị nne na-alụbeghị di na-enye ebe obibi, nri, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime chọrọ n'efu.

RITUALS / PRACTICES

N'etiti ọtụtụ omume na Heritage USA bụ okwukwe miri emi na nduzi nke Mmụọ Nsọ. Okwukwe a gosipụtara onwe ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Nke mbụ bụ ụzọ Bakker na-ekwukarị gbasara ego. N'ịnụ azụ n'ọgwụgwụ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Bakker na-abanyekarị n'ọrụ ụlọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-enweghị obere ego, na-ekwere na Chineke ga-enye. Bakker dere n’afọ 1977, sị: “Ụfọdụ ndị na-eche na ị chọrọ nnukwu ego n’ụlọ akụ tupu i malite ịrụ ọrụ n’okwukwe. Ọ dịghị mgbe m nwere…Cheta, eziokwu anaghị agụta mgbe ị nwere okwu Chineke na isiokwu ahụ" (Wigger 2017: 63).

Nke abụọ, Bakker gbasoro usoro edeghị ede na ihe ngosi okwu ya kwa ụbọchị. N'adịghị ka ndị ọbịa okwu ngosi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Johnny Carson, Bakker adịkarịghị eji ndetu na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọbịa aburula ajụjụ ọnụ, kama ịdabere na nduzi nke Mmụọ Nsọ. "Echeghị m na usoro ọ bụla si dị ka e si dee ya," ka o kwuru otu oge, "n'ihi na ọ dị ka ụdị ụka anyị ga-adị na nke ahụ ga-abụ site n'ike mmụọ nsọ .... Ọ bụrụ na mmụọ Chineke na-akpụ akpụ, anyị ga-anọnyere ihe ọ bụla na-emenụ” (US v. Bakker, vol. 9, 1647). Usoro a na-enyekarị ihe ngosi a ọgba aghara, mmetụta a na-atụghị anya ya, mana ọ dị mma n'ime ọdịnala ozi ọma nke ịjụ okwuchukwu ma ọ bụ ekpere agụ.

Ememe ị nweta ego na PTL bụ telethon kwa afọ. Maka awa isii ma ọ bụ asaa kwa ụbọchị nke telivishọn dị ndụ, Bakker gara "n'ime ọnọdụ huckster zuru oke" (Wigger 2017: 139) na-ebuli ego maka ọrụ dị iche iche dị oke ọnụ na Heritage USA. Isi telethon nke 1983, "Gị na Anyị Ọnụ," nwere ọbụna abụ isiokwu nke ya.

Maka ndị ọbịa na Heritage USA, nkà mmụta mmụta ọganihu nke Bakker abụghị naanị ozizi, kama ọ bụ ahụmahụ dị ndụ. Ndị ọbịa nwere ike isonye na nkuzi gbasara ezinụlọ, mmekọahụ, ahụike uche, ịzụ ụmụ, mmekọrịta, ego, iri nri, na mmega ahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, nke e mere na Total Learning Center, dị mkpa, dị ka John Wigger, onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Bakker si kwuo, n'ihi na ha "nyere PTL ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ka ha na ndị mmadụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ihu na ihu karịa nanị ikuku ma nyekwa ọzọ eserese maka. ndị mmadụ ịbịa Heritage USA" (Wigger 2017: 132).

The Ụlọ ọgbakọ PTL kụzikwaara ndị mmadụ otú e si ebi ndụ nke nsọpụrụ Chineke na nke bara ụba. Isiokwu na-ewu ewu nke mkparịta ụka n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ bụ ahụmahụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Ndị ọbịa dịka Little Richard, Larry Flynt, na Eldridge Cleaver kwuru hoo haa gbasara otu Onye-nwe si napụta ha na ndụ nke mmehie. Ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ dị ka Norman Vincent Peale, Merlin Carothers, Robert Schuller, na Frances na Charles Hunter nyere ndụmọdụ na "otú ị ga-esi hụ onwe gị n'anya, felata, meziwanye alụmdi na nwunye gị, na iru ike gị" (Wigger 2017: 67).

Ihe omume telivishọn ọhụrụ Bakker, nke Ihe ngosi Jim Bakker, anọgidewo na-enye ndị ọbịa na-enye ndụmọdụ banyere otú e si ebi ndụ nsọpụrụ Chineke na nke ukwuu, ma isi ihe na-elekwasị anya bụ amụma Bible. Ndị ọbịa esonyela New York Times ndị ode akwụkwọ kacha ere James Rickards, Jonathan Cahn, na Joel Richardson, ndị isi agha lara ezumike nka Michael Flynn, Jerry Boykin, na Robert Maginnis, na onye bụbu gọvanọ Arkansas Mike Huckabee.

NKWUKWU / LEADERSHIP

Na mbido, onye ndu PTL, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-adịghị mma, ejiri echiche nke ozi rụọ ọrụ yana, ikekwe nke kachasị mkpa, echiche nke nghọta. Ọchịchị PTL gbanwere nke ukwuu na 1977 mgbe Richard Dortch malitere mkpakọrịta ya na ozi. Dortch, onye ozi ogologo oge Mgbakọ nke Chineke na onye nlekọta maka Illinois, webatara omume Bakker niile kachasị njọ. N'okpuru nduzi ya, ndị isi PTL ghọrọ ndị ọzọ nzuzo.

Mgbe ọ na-elekọta PTL, Bakker bụ onye na-ahụ maka micromanage. Ọ na-eche banyere nkọwa niile, n'agbanyeghị obere, na Heritage USA, na-achọkarị ndị ọrụ na-enweghị isi. Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ezukọkarị ugboro ugboro, Bakker amaghịkwa otú ndị ọzọ nọ na kọmitii ndị isi na-akpa àgwà ma ọ bụ na-emefu ego ozi.

ISSUES / CHALLENGES

PTL chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu n'oge ọ dị adị. Otu bụ okpukpe. N'agbanyeghị ama ama ya n'ime ụwa Pentikọstal, nkà mmụta mmụta ọganihu nke Bakker nwere arụmụka. Jimmy Swaggart, Mgbakọ ọzọ a ma ama nke onye ozi Chineke, na-emegide ozi ọganihu Bakker n'ihu ọha. Na March 1987, akwụkwọ akụkọ Swaggart kwa ọnwa weere swipes na Heritage USA na ihe niile ọ nọchiri anya ya, na-aga n'ihu iji tụnyere nkà mmụta okpukpe Bakker na ụfọdụ echiche kachasị njọ nke oge a, gụnyere Darwinism, Freudianism, Marxism, na Kọmunist. N'ebe ọzọ, Swaggart kwuru na PTL "bụ ọrịa cancer nke dị mkpa ka a wepụ ya n'ahụ nke Kraịst" (Gaillard 1987). Jerry Falwell, onye Baptist okpukpe n'isi, na-emegidekwa ozi oganihu Bakker. "Echere m na nkà mmụta okpukpe ọganihu a (ihe ụfọdụ na-akpọ nkà mmụta ahụike na nkà mmụta akụ na ụba) bụ ozizi ụgha kasị njọ nke a na-ekwusa n'ụwa taa," Falwell kwuru na 1987 (McClain 1987).

A na-enyochakwa nkà mmụta mmụta ọganihu nke Bakker n'oge ikpe gọọmenti etiti ya. Otu n'ime arụmụka ndị gbara akwụkwọ gbara bụ na Bakker duhiere ndị na-akwado ya na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ PTL ka ha wee bie ndụ dị egwu. N'oge ikpe ahụ, ndị bụbu ndị enyemaka kọwara otú ndị Bakkers si eji ego ekwesịrị ịbụ maka PTL na ajị anụ, ụlọ, ụgbọ ala, ịwa ahụ plastik, ụgbọ mmiri ụlọ, ọla na uwe ndị nrụpụta. Mkpughe ndị ahụ na-awụ akpata oyi na ndị Charlotte Observer kwuru, mgbe otu onye bụbu onye enyemaka gbachara akaebe, na ụbọchị n'ụlọ ikpe bụ “ichetara 'Ụdị ndụ ndị bara ọgaranya na ndị a ma ama'” (Shepard 1989).

Maka ihe ka ukwuu n'ịdị adị ya, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke mba ahụ etinyeghị uche na PTL. Ihe a niile gbanwere mgbe asịrị ahụ mebiri na 1987, na PTL nwetara nnukwu mkpuchi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị dị ka Los Angeles Times, na New York Times, na Washington Post, USA Today, na Chicago Tribune, Na Atlanta Journal-Ụkpụrụ Iwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime mkpuchi mbụ, na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi omume ọjọọ nke Bakker, kpughere nhụsianya miri emi n'ime obodo ozi ọma nke America dị ka ndị na-ezisa ozi ọma a ma ama dịka Jimmy Swaggart, John Ankerberg, Oral Roberts, Jerry Falwell, na Robert Schuller na-ere ahịa barbs na ndị nta akụkọ. Bakker boro Swaggart na Falwell ebubo ịgba izu iji weghara ozi PTL. Falwell na Swaggart gọnarịrị ebubo izu nzuzo ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Swaggart kwetara na ọ bụ ya kpatara ịmalite nyocha banyere mmehie mmekọahụ nke Bakker. Na nyocha ya, ọgbakọ nke Chukwu, bụbu ọgbakọ Bakker, gọnarịrị na e nwere nkata izu ohi PTL. Ndị nta akụkọ zoro aka na mgba dị n'etiti ndị na-ezisa ozi ọma dịka "agha dị nsọ," "Godscam," "Godsgate," "Eluigwe," "Salvationgate," "Pearlygate," na "Gospelgate" (Ostling 1987).

Asịrị PTL masịrị ndị nta akụkọ ahụ nke ukwuu nke na, n'oge a na-ekpe Bakker ikpe, ndị nta akụkọ ga-abata n'ụlọ ikpe n'elekere isii nke ụtụtụ maka oche yana n'oge elekere anọ nke ụtụtụ mgbe ndị akaebe kpakpando guzoro. Ndị nta akụkọ nyere aka mee ka ikpe ahụ bụrụ ihe nkiri. N'èzí ụlọ ikpe ahụ, ndị na-ere ahịa na-ere nri na ihe ọhụrụ Jim na Tammy. Mgbe nkụchi obi Bakker gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ redio mpaghara mere asọmpi na-ama ndị na-ekiri ihe ịma aka ịrapara isi ha n'okpuru ihe ndina dịka ha kwenyere na Bakker mere n'ọfịs onye ọka iwu ya. Nke Charlotte Observer, onye ọrụ ya na asịrị PTL nwetara ya Pulitzer Prize na 1988, nke e bipụtara "Down the Tube," spoof na egwuregwu bọọlụ Chutes na Ladders. Ebumnuche nke egwuregwu ahụ bụ ime ka PTL na ndị Bakkers yie ihe ọchị. Ụlọ ọrụ nta akụkọ ahụ kpagburu Jessica Hahn asị, na-akpọ ya “onye akwụna nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Babịlọn” na nwaanyị akwụna.

Ihe nkiri a na-emekarị na telivishọn, na-adọta ndị na-ege ntị maka ihe ngosi dị ka Nightline na Larry King Live. N'April 1987, John Ankerberg gara n'ihu Larry King Live na-ebo Bakker ebubo na ọ na-akwụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, na-akwado nwunye na-agbanwe na PTL, na nwoke idina nwoke. Ndị Bakker jikwa telivishọn mee ihe maka ọdịmma ha. Na-apụta na Nightline na May 1987, ha tụgharịrị n'elu tebụl na ndị mmegide ha site n'imere onwe ha ndị ihe metụtara nke ọma. Bakker gwara Ted Koppel na obi siri ya ike na Jimmy Swaggart na Jerry Falwell “bịara ebe a n'ebumnobi ka ha zuo Heritage USA na ozi m. Emere m nnukwu ndudue” (Shepard 1987).

N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Bakker echewokwa nyocha nke ndị nchịkwa gọọmentị ihu. Na 1979, PTL nwetara ọsọ ọsọ mbụ ya na ndị na-achịkwa gọọmentị etiti. PTL boro ebubo na ọ kpalitere $337,000 maka akụrụngwa telivishọn maka ụlọ ụka dị na South Korea, mana tụgharịrị ego ahụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ, megidere iwu gọọmentị etiti. Bakker zara nyocha ahụ site n'ịkatọ ya dị ka iyi egwu ndị Kọmunist na nkata nke ekwensu. Nnyocha FCC kwụsịrị na 1980.

Ozi ọhụrụ ahụ enwebeghị esemokwu ya. Na Machị 2020, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ọrịa ọrịa coronavirus, ndị na-achịkwa gọọmentị etiti na Attorney General si New York na Missouri nyere Bakker iwu ka ọ kwụsị ire ọlaọcha colloidal dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka coronavirus. Dị ka uwe ahụ si kwuo, Bakker boro ebubo imebi Iwu Federal Food, Drug na Cosmetic Act site n'ịkọwapụta uru ọlaọcha ahụ dị ka ọgwụgwọ megide COVID-19. Edere ikpe ahụ na June 2021.

Foto

Foto #1: Jim na Tammy Faye na ụmụ nkịta ha.
Foto #2: Jim na Colonel Sanders na set nke Ụlọ ọgbakọ PTL.
Foto #3: Ntinye nke Heritage USA.
Foto #4: Ndị agha Federal na-eduga Jim n'ụlọ ikpe.
Foto #5: Nkedo nke The Ndụ Surreal.
Foto #6: Grace Street na Morningside.

References

Bakker, Jim na Ken Abraham. 1998. Ọganihu na Apọkalips na-abịa. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

Bakker, Jim na Ken Abraham. 1996. Enwetaghị m ya. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

Bowler, Kate. 2013. Gọziri agọzi: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel. New York: Oxford University Press.

Buckstaff, Kathryn. 2003. "Laghachi na Amara Ha Dị Mma." Onye isi akụkọ Springfield, April 14.

Edwards, David. 2021. "Mike Lindell Otu ya na onye mgbasa ozi televangelist Jim Bakker maka 'telethon' ụbọchị 3 juputara na ụgha ntuli aka." Akụkọ Raw, September 14. Nweta site na https://www.rawstory.com/mike-lindell-jim-bakker/ na 12 December 2022.

Funk, Tim. 2018. "Onye Nkwusa PTL dara ada ejirila ozi ọhụrụ laghachi." Charlotte Observer, February 18.

Gaillard, Frye. 1987. "Onye ọka ikpe nwere ike inye Falwell nnabata nnabata ka ọ pụọ." Charlotte Observer, October 9.

"Jim Bakker: Ọnụ ego nkeonwe karịa ka anyị nwere ike idi." 1987. Charlotte Observer, March 20.

Johnson, Emily. 2014. "Ogige Ogige Okwu, Asịrị, na Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Alaeze Ukwu Televangelism." Okpukpe na Ọchịchị, October 28. Nweta site na https://religionandpolitics.org/2014/10/28/a-theme-park-a-scandal-and-the-faded-ruins-of-a-televangelism-empire/ na 5 January 2023.

Leland, Elizabeth. 1987. "Falwell gbachitere ebumnobi Swaggart, gọnarị izu nzuzo." Charlotte Observer, March 25.

Mantyla, Kyle. 2018. "Jim Bakker: Mwakpo na Trump bụ ihe ịrịba ama na 'America nọ n'agha megide Chineke." Watch Wing Right, April 6. Nweta site na https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/jim-bakker-attacks-on-trump-are-a-sign-that-america-is-in-a-war-against-god/ na 12 December 2022.

Mantyla, Kyle. 2017. "Jim Bakker dọrọ aka ná ntị na ikpe Chineke ga-adakwasị ndị na-anwa imegide Trump." Watch Wing Right, July 27. Nweta site na https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/jim-bakker-warns-that-gods-judgment-will-fall-on-those-who-dare-to-oppose-trump/ na 12 December 2022.

Marusak, Joe. 2020. "Pastọ TV Jim Bakker na-arịa ọrịa strok, nwunye na-akwado." Charlotte Observer, May 9.

McClain, Kathleen. 1987. "PTL Board Na-enyocha ndị niile na-azụta oge netwọk." Charlotte Observer, May 24.

McKinney, Kelsey. 2017. "Ọbịbịa nke abụọ nke onye mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi Jim Bakker." Buzzfeed, May 19. Nweta site na https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kelseymckinney/second-coming-of-televangelist-jim-bakker na 5 January 2023.

Ostling, Richard. 1987. " Ahịrị na-adịghị mma nke TV: Ajọ nke Televangelism," Time, April 6. Nweta site na https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,963939,00.html na 22 December 2022.

Shepard, Charles E. "Bakker na-ekwu na TV Falwell zuuru Ministri TV." Charlotte Observer, May 27.

Shepard, Charles E. na Gary L. Wright. 1989. "Onye na-achọ ihe na-akọwa Jewel dị ọnụ ahịa nke Bakkers, Plush Retreats," Charlotte Observer, September 12.

Sutton, Matthew Avery. 2014. Apọkalips America: Akụkọ nke Ozi Ọma nke Oge A. Cambridge: Belknap Press nke Harvard University Press.

Wigger, John. 2021. "N'okpuru etemeete niile, onye bụ ezigbo Tammy Faye?" The ihe, September 16. Nweta site na https://theconversation.com/underneath-all-the-makeup-who-was-the-real-tammy-faye-167023 na 5 January 2023.

Wigger, John. 2017. PTL: ịrị elu na ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Evangelical Jim na Tammy Faye Bakker. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ụbọchị Mgbasa Ozi:
9 January 2023