Njikọ aka maka Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ yana iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe sayensị

Njikọ aka maka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ NA
TIMELINE EKWU OKWU Scientific 

1992 (March): National Association for Psychoanalytic Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) tọrọ ntọala.

1992 (December 18): Kọmitii nhazi nke NARTH, ya na mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ, zutere na Waldorf-Astoria na New York City.

1992: Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụrụ nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị Nchịkọta nke Ọrịa International nke Ọrịa.

1993 (Mee 20): NARTH mere ọgbakọ ọgbakọ afọ mbụ ya na San Francisco.

1997: NARTH nyefere akwụkwọ ozi nkenke na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Hawaii iji guzogide ịkwado alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị n'iwu.

2000 (Mee 17): NARTH na ọtụtụ ministri ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ibe zuru ezu na USA Today ma nwee ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ na Chicago iji mee mkpesa na American Psychiatric Association na-akagbu arụmụka banyere ọgwụgwọ nke chọrọ ịgbanwe usoro mmekọahụ.

2001: Ọkachamara n’akparamàgwà Ndị Kraịst nke Evangelical James Dobson nke Focus on the Family kwupụtara na onye nchoputa NARTH bụ Joseph Nicolosi ka ọ bụrụ “ọkachamara nke nwoke idina nwoke.”

2002: NARTH nyefere nkọwa nke amicus na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Kansas, nke kpebiri na "transsexual" abụghị nwanyị, na-emebi alụmdi na nwunye ya na ihe nketa ya.

2003: Psychiatrist Robert Spitzer, bụ onye kwadoro na 1973 iji kọwaa nwoke idina nwoke dị ka nsogbu uche, bipụtara otu ọmụmụ dabere na ndị sonyere na NARTH na Exodus International, nke kwubiri na mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọahụ ga-ekwe omume.

2005 (December 25): Onye nchoputa NARTH Charles Socarides nwụrụ.

2009: N'ịmeghachi omume na NARTH na ndị ọzọ na-akwalite nkwenye na nwoke idina nwoke bụ nsogbu na mmehie nke nwere ike gbanwee site na ọgwụgwọ na ntinye okpukpe, American Psychological Association nyochara akwụkwọ nyocha nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ na mgbalị mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọahụ na-ahụta ọ dịghị ihe àmà sayensị iji kwadoo. arụmọrụ ha.

2009: NARTH guzobere Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.

2010: NARTH nyefere akwụkwọ ozi amicus na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke California iji guzogide ịkwado alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị n'iwu.

2010: George Rekers gbara arụkwaghịm na NARTH's Scientific Advisory Board mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ kọrọ na ọ goro nwoke onye ndu ka o soro ya gaa njem na Europe.

2010: Onye isi oche NARTH Arthur Goldberg gbara arụkwaghịm na NARTH mgbe ekpughere n'ihu ọha na ọ jere ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ gọọmentị etiti maka ịgba izu ime aghụghọ.

2012: Robert Spitzer jụrụ ma chọọ ịweghachi ọmụmụ 2003 ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ntụpọ. Ọ rịọkwara mgbaghara maka ihe ọjọọ o mere.

2012: NARTH nyefere akwụkwọ ozi amicus na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States iji kwadoo Iwu nchekwa nke alụmdi na nwunye.

2012: California ghọrọ obodo mbụ machibido ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ụmụaka.

2012: Exodus International wepụrụ ihe NARTH na webụsaịtị ya. Onye isi ala Ọpụpụ Alan Chambers jụrụ ọgwụgwọ mmezi.

2012: NARTH tụfuru ọkwa ụtụ isi ya.

2013: Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka Sekit nke itoolu kwadoro ụkpụrụ iwu nke mmachibido iwu California na ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ụmụaka.

2013: Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa wepụtara nkwupụta na-akatọ “ụzọ a na-akpọ ‘mgbanwe’ ma ọ bụ ‘ntụgharị’.”

2013: Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Uche nke America wepụrụ "nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị" na DSM ma jiri “Dysphoria okike” dochie ya.

2014: Ndị isi NARTH degharịrị aha nzukọ a dị ka Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity ma guzobe "Ntọhapụ NARTH" dịka otu n'ime nkewa ya.

2014: Ndị otu kọmitii United Nations megide ịta ahụhụ kwupụtara nchegbu gbasara ọgwụgwọ ntughari na ndị ntorobịa na United States.

2015 (June 1): Ọfịs Kọmishọna Mba Ndị Dị n’Otu Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nyere otu akụkọ na-akpọ ka mba nile machibido “usoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe.”

2015 (June 25): Ndị Juu na-enye Nhọrọ Ọhụrụ maka Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị (JONAH) furu efu ikpe obodo aghụghọ ndị ahịa nke South Poverty Law Center wetara.

2015 (August): Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọfịs America nakweere mkpebi na-akwado iwu iji gbochie ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ụmụaka.

2015 (October): NARTH onye nchoputa Benjamin Kaufman hapụrụ akwụkwọ ikike ahụike ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke nnukwu nleghara anya na omume rụrụ arụ.

2017 (March 8): Onye nchoputa NARTH Joseph Nicolosi nwụrụ.

2017 (Mee 1): Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States jụrụ ihe ịma aka nke iwu California machibido ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ụmụaka.

2018-2019: Joseph Nicolosi, Jr. edenyere aha "ọgwụgwọ mmezi" na "ọgwụgwọ reintegrative," na 2018 na 2019 n'otu n'otu.

2019: Onye na-ere ahịa Amazon.com kwupụtara mkpebi ịkwụsị ire akwụkwọ na ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị.

2020: Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke US maka Circuit nke iri na otu mebiri iwu abụọ na Florida (obodo Boca Raton na Palm Beach County) nke machibidoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe na ụmụaka dabere na "nkwuwa okwu."

2021: American Psychological Association nakweere mkpebi na-emegide mbọ mgbanwe njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na ihe ọzọ na-ewusi nguzo ya megide mbọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọahụ.

2021: Na nke mbụ, ewebata iwu iji chebe ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na steeti ole na ole.

2022: Ihe karịrị ọkara steeti na ọtụtụ obodo US nwere ụdị mmachibido ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị, site na ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ.

FOUNTER / GROUP HISTORY

Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity (ATCSI) bụ "ọkachamara ọkachamara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị iche iche" nke hiwere isi na Salt Lake City, Utah. Ọ bụ

raara onwe ya nye ichekwa ikike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji nweta ọrụ nke ndị na-agwọ ọrịa na ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-asọpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị ahịa; na-akwado maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ebumnuche na nyocha sayensị ọha; na ịhụ na enyemaka ọkachamara nwere ikike ruru eru maka ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị mmekọahụ na-achọghị ma ọ bụ ndị na-enwe esemokwu n'etiti mmekọahụ nke ndụ ha na amata njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (ATCSI 2022).

Okwu ya bụ "N'ihi na ụkpụrụ gị dị mkpa."

E hibere ATCSI dị ka ụlọ ọrụ sayensị, ọkachamara n'okpuru aha dị iche na March 1992 site n'aka Charles Socarides, Joseph Nicolosi na Benjamin Kaufman (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1993a, Kaufman 2001-2002). Kọmiti nhazi nke NARTH, ya na mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ, zutere na Waldorf-Astoria na New York City. Mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ bịara (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1993 a). Ndị malitere ya, ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-echekwa okpukpe, kere nzukọ ahụ iji chebe na ịkwado maka ọdịmma nke ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nwere ikike inye usoro mmekọahụ na / ma ọ bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị "ntụgharị ọgwụgwọ." A na-ewepụ ndị na-ahụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe na ọrụ ahụike uche US (Drescher 2015a; Kaufman 2001-2002) n'ime afọ ndị na-eso mkpebi 1973 American Psychiatric Association mkpebi ịkọwapụta nwoke idina nwoke dị ka nsogbu uche. Na nzaghachi maka iyi egwu nke ikpe (Isay 1996), American Psychoanalytic Association ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara ahụike uche ikpeazụ na-amachibido ịkpa ókè dabere na nhazi mmekọahụ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ (Drescher 2015a). Nke a bụ ihe kpatara ịmepụta NARTH.

Aha mbụ ATCSI bụ National Association for Psychoanalytic Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (Socarides na Kaufman 1994). A kpọgharịrị ya aha National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality [Foto dị n'aka nri] n'otu afọ ahụ. Nzukọ a dị ka NARTH ruo mgbe rebranded dị ka ATCSI na 2014. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mmekọ kasị emetụta na transnational ntughari ozi ije na mgbochi LGBT Christian Right (Moss 2021, Robinson na Spivey 2019), nke abụọ na-mere n'oge 1970s. Ndị guzobere nwara iguzobe NARTH dị ka mkpakọrịta sayensị ma kwalite ọgwụgwọ dịka ụzọ dị irè maka ịgwọ nwoke idina nwoke, nke ha lere anya dị ka nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (Bennett 2003, Robinson na Spivey 2007). Ruo ugbu a, ihe nketa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ime ka ahịa dịghachi azụ maka ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ịmepụta netwọk mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ndị na-eme ya. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, NARTH nyekwara ụfọdụ ntụkwasị obi maka ndị mmekọ ya abụọ bụ isi, netwọk ozi na-ekwe nkwa mgbanwe mgbanwe yana otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ndị Kraịst na-emegide ikike LGBT.

Ọ nweghị ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara ahụike uche amatala NARTH dị ka ọgbakọ sayensị. A kọwawo NARTH ugboro ugboro dị ka pseudo-scientific (Cianciatto na Cahill 2006, Drescher 2015a, Ford 2001, Haldeman 1999, Panozzo 2013) na ebubo nke ịgbagọ na iji nyocha ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezighị ezi (Besen 2003, ILGA2020, Robinson na Mendo 2015, na ILGA. , Waidzunas 2015, Williams 2011). Malite na 1992, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọkachamara malitere ibipụta nkwupụta ọnọdụ na mkpebi ndị na-emegide mgbalị iji gbanwee ọnọdụ mmekọahụ (NASW 1992), na mgbe e mesịrị, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (NASW 2015), na-ekwu maka enweghị nkwado sayensị, n'etiti nchegbu ndị ọzọ (lee Shidlo, Schroeder, na Drescher 2001). Na 1992, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụrụ nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị Nchịkọta nke Ọrịa International nke Ọrịa, ngwá ọrụ nyocha nke a na-eji gburugburu ụwa maka usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ na nlekọta ahụike. Taa, ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na ndị otu ahụike a ma ama “na-ajụ 'ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị' dị ka ọgwụgwọ ahụike ziri ezi" (AMA 2019) ịgbanwe usoro mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị yana etiologies nke ha dabere na ya (APA 2021a, APA 2021b) .

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ajụọla ajụjụ ma ọ bụ arụrịta ụka n'ihe NARTH kwuru na ha bụ òtù ụwa (Alumkal 2017; American Psychiatric Association 2000; Besen 2003; Burack na Josephson 2005; Clucas 2017; Drescher 1998, 2015; Grace 2008; 1999 World; Queiroz, D'Elio na Maas 2020; Robinson na Spivey 2013, 2007). Beverley (2019) Nduzi Ihe atụ nke Okpukpe depụtara NARTH dị ka nzukọ na-akatọ nkà mmụta okpukpe ndị na-akwado nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Ọkà mmụta n’akparamàgwà mmadụ bụ John Gonsiorek (2004:758) zoro aka na ọgwụgwọ ntọghata dị ka “ọchịchị Chineke n’ime ịdọrọ sayensị.” Onye ọka iwu Craig Konnoth (2017:283) rụrụ ụka na ọgwụgwọ ntughari bụ “n'ezie ụdị omume okpukpe.” Ndị ọkà mmụta (Babits 2019, Martin 1984) edepụtala ọrụ bụ isi nke okpukpe na usoro ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Okpukpe n'onwe ya ka bụ "ike ịnya ụgbọ ala nke na-aga n'ihu" ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na US na n'ụwa nile (Horne na McGinley 2022:221).

Ọ bụ ezie na e guzobebeghị NARTH dị ka ma ọ bụ njikọ aka ya na òtù okpukpe, okpukpe dị mkpa maka ọrụ na ume nke nzukọ a na ndị ndú ya n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme afọ iri atọ ya. N'agbanyeghị nkwupụta ugboro ugboro dị na akwụkwọ NARTH yana ndị nnọchi anya ya na NARTH abụghị ọgbakọ okpukperechi, akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH, ihe ngosi ogbako, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na webụsaịtị na-akwalite nkwenye na omume okpukpe na-echekwa ọha. Okpukpe bụ isi okwu nke ọrụ na ọrụ ọkachamara nke ndị na-ahụ maka ntụgharị uche na-adabere, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị ahịa na-achọ ọgwụgwọ na-eme ya dabere na esemokwu omume ma ọ bụ nke okpukpe metụtara nke ha ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ ụmụ ha ma ọ bụ okike (Flentje, Heck and Cochran 2013; Haldeman 2022). ; Nicolosi na Nicolosi 2002; Rosik 2014; Spivey na Robinson 2010; Streed, Anderson, Babits na Ferguson 2019).

Ndị malitere nzukọ a bụ ndị na-akwado okpukperechi. Joseph Nicolosi, [Foto dị n'aka nri] onye Roman Katọlik bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ, bụ ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye ndụmọdụ maka Archdiocese Katọlik nke Los Angeles (Christianson 2005) tupu ya ejikọta NARTH ma na-etinye aka na okpukperechi n'ime omume psychotherapy ya. ya na ndị ahịa (Nicolosi 1991, 2001, 2012). Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, NARTH bụ onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ Nicolosi Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic. Charles Socarides, [Foto dị n'aka nri] onye na-ahụ maka mgbaka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ, bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emegide ụda olu nke American Psychiatric Association's 1973 mkpebi ịkọwapụta nwoke idina nwoke dị ka nsogbu uche. Na magazin ndị Jesuit nke United States bipụtara, Socarides kọwara ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ya na ndị nwoke idina nwoke na-arụ dị ka “...ụdị 'nlekọta ọzụzụ atụrụ'…. ọtụtụ n’ime anyị chere na anyị ji nwayọọ na-arụ ọrụ Chineke” (Socarides 1995). Ọ kpọrọ echiche ahụ, bụ́ nke a chọtara n’akwụkwọ ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ndị na-edina ụdị onwe, na Chineke mere ka ndị mmadụ na-edina ụdị onwe “nkwulu.” Benjamin Kaufman bụ onye isi mgbaka ndị Juu (Ogwu 2015) bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ.

N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke NARTH, ndị ọrụ ya kpachapụrụ anya zụlite mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ netwọk Ndị Kraịst "bụbu nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke", bụ ndị malitelarị itinye ụkpụrụ psychoanalytic nke nwoke idina nwoke na "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị" n'ime ozi ha, dabere na nkuzi nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe abụọ, Leanne. Payne na Elizabeth Moberly (Ford 2001, Robinson na Spivey 2007, 2019). N'ime afọ mbụ ya, NARTH hiwere usoro ndu, nke gụnyere "Njikọrita na Ministri okpukperechi na Ex-Gay." “Maazị na Oriakụ Bill Grasso na Rev. Tom Mullen” buru ụzọ jee ozi na ọrụ ndị a (NARTH 1993a). N'afọ 1993, onye ọrụ NARTH bụ Joseph Nicolosi kwuru okwu dị ka ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na vidiyo akpọrọ "Ịhọrọ ịgbanwe site na nwoke idina nwoke," nke ndị ozi kacha ibu ochie rere ere. Ọpụpụ International, ọgbakọ Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma. Vidio ahụ gosipụtara onye isi oche Ọpụpụ Joe Dallas na akaebe okpukpe nke mgbanwe. Bob Davies, onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke Ọpụpụ, kwetara na nzukọ ahụ na NARTH rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nyere Ọpụpụ aka ịkwalite ntụkwasị obi ya (Davies 1998). Randy Thomas, onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Ọpụpụ, kpughere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na-adịbeghị anya na "Enwere mmekọrịta symbiotic n'etiti mkpa anyị nwere maka ntụkwasị obi na mgbe ahụ, n'ezie, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ na-enweta ndị ahịa. Enyere netwọk anyị na akwụkwọ ha… nkuzi… na usoro ọgwụgwọ. Ọ dị oke egwu, mana ọ bụ nhazi azụmahịa bara uru ọ bụla" (Stolakis 2021).

Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ NARTH nwere mmekọrịta mbụ ha na ha na-arụ ọrụ ma jidekwa ọkwa onye isi na ministri ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ndị Kraịst. Ndị ọrụ NARTH etinyela aka na mmemme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị LGBT na-emegide (Drescher 1998, 2001; George 2016; Robinson na Spivey 2019) tupu ha na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị otu iwu nke Ndị Kraịst dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nnwere onwe na Institutelọ Ọrụ Ikpe Ziri Ezi. NARTH na ndị ọrụ ya chọrọ iguzobe echiche ahụ na ntụzịaka mmekọahụ abụghị ihe a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe (Byrd na Olsen 2001-2002), ụkpụrụ nke ndị ọka ikpe US tụlere iji nye ọkwa klaasị echedoro (Nussbaum 2010, Knauer 2021). N'afọ 1993, Charles Socarides na Harold Voth nyefere akwụkwọ nkwado maka mmezigharị na iwu Colorado iji machibido obodo ịgafe iwu iji machibido ịkpa ókè dabere na nhazi mmekọahụ (Socarides 1993, Drescher 1998). Joseph Nicolosi pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Summit Ministries nke akpọrọ "Ikike ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, ikike pụrụ iche: Inside the Homosexual Agenda," na-atụgharị ndị otu American Psychological Association ya na-ekwu na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịgbanwe omume ha na ihe nkiri ha, iji kwado ozi ihe nkiri ahụ na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị abụghị otu pere mpe nwere ikike inweta ọkwa klaasị echedoro. Socarides nyefere nkwupụta na 1995 iji kwado nkwado steeti ahụ maka iwu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị Tennessee (Dresher 1998).

Na 1995, NARTH kpachaara anya zụlite mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Right Christian. O hibere dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ "njikọ ya na ndị otu na-ahụ maka iwu ọha na-achọghị mgbanwe dị ka Focus on the Family, American Family Association, Family Research Council, na Heritage Foundation" na "imekọrịta na òtù okpukperechi, gụnyere ministri ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, ọrụ ndụmọdụ Ndị Kraịst, Ndị otu ‘Juu’ nke ndị okpukpere chi, na Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Mmụta Ndị Kraịst nke Mba” (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1995:2). Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke afọ iri mbụ nke NARTH, nzukọ a akwalitela mmekọrịta bara uru na ndị ministri ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke Ndị Kraịst Right (Barack na Josephson 2005; Robinson na Spivey 2019). Na 2001, onye nchoputa Joseph Nicolosi nwetara ngozi nke onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke Ndị Kraịst bụ James Dobson, bụ onye kwadoro ya dị ka "ikike kachasị na ọgwụgwọ na igbochi nwoke idina nwoke" (Dobson 2001: 18).

NARTH nọgidere na-aghọrọ mkpụrụ nke ọrụ ya ná ngwụsị nke afọ iri mbụ ya. Na 2001, onye isi mgbaka Robert Spitzer, onye kwadoro na 1973 iwepụ nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị. DSM, gosipụtara nyocha nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ na American Association of Psychiatric Association, dabere na ndị sonyere na-enweta site na NARTH na Exodus International, nke kwubiri na ọ ga-ekwe omume ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ ịgbanwe usoro mmekọahụ site na ọgwụgwọ na omume okpukpe. NARTH na ndị mmekọ ya tụlere ihe ọmụmụ Spitzer dị ka nkwado nke nkwupụta ya. Mbipụta ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ (Spitzer 2003) welitere oke ọkụ nke arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ndị ọkà mmụta (Drescher na Zucker 2006). Mgbasa ozi a nyere ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ntughari uru ma kpọọ mmasị ọhụrụ, yana nyocha ka ukwuu nke, ngagharị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, gụnyere NARTH, nke ndị nta akụkọ (Besen 2003), ndị ọkà mmụta (Silverstein 2003, Stewart 2005), ndị na-eme ihe ike, na ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2002, NARTH nyefere akwụkwọ ozi amicus n'ụlọ ikpe Kasị Elu Kansas iji kwado akwụkwọ mkpesa nke nnwere onwe gbara akwụkwọ. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kpebiri na "transsexual" abụghị nwanyị, na-emebi alụmdi na nwunye ya na ihe nketa ya (Robinson na Spivey 2019). Na 2005, ngalaba-nchoputa Charles Socarides nwụrụ.

Ka ọ na-erule 2007, ọtụtụ ndị òtù American Psychological Association bịara nwee nchegbu banyere NARTH na òtù ndị ọzọ na-akwalite nkwenye na nwoke idina nwoke bụ nsogbu nke nwere ike gbanwee site na ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụgwọ okpukpe, na ọ malitere ọrụ iji nyochaa akwụkwọ nyocha nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. na mgbalị mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọahụ (SOCE) (Drescher 2015b). Akụkọ ndị ọrụ ahụ ahụghị ihe akaebe sayensị iji kwado ịdị adị nke SOCE (APA 2009; Dresher 2015b). N'afọ 2009, APA mekwara mkpebi na-ekwu na ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ kwesịrị izere ịkọwapụta uru nke SOCE mgbe ha na ndị mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu site na nhazi mmekọahụ nke ha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ. Iwe site na nchoputa nke APA Task Force, NARTH guzobere Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na 2009 wee wepụta olu nke mbụ na nzaghachi NARTH na mkpesa Task Force. Mbipụta ndị na-esote akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bipụtara akụkọ na nyocha akwụkwọ, ọkachasị ndị ọrụ NARTH a ma ama.

Asịrị abụọ dị elu mebiri aha NARTH na ngwụcha afọ iri nke abụọ ya. N'afọ 2010, onye ọrụ NARTH bụ George Rekers, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye ụkọchukwu Baptist bụ onye mekwara Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Ezinụlọ, gbara arụkwaghịm na NARTH's Scientific Advisory Board mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ kọrọ na ọ goro nwoke onye ga-eso ya gaa njem na Europe, ebe ọ nọ. ebubo na natara ịgba ọtọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Ndị na-agba akaebe enyewokwa ndị ọkachamara akaebe ugboro ugboro iji kwado ịkpa oke dabere na usoro mmekọahụ n'okwu ikpe nkuchi na mpaghara ndị ọzọ (Rekers 2006). N'otu afọ ahụ, odeakwụkwọ ukwu NARTH Arthur Goldberg, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ndị na-ahụ maka nwoke na nwanyị na-emebu ndị Juu na-enye ndị ọzọ nhọrọ maka nwoke idina nwoke, gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe ekpughere ya n'ihu ọha na ọ jerela oge n'ụlọ mkpọrọ gọọmenti etiti maka ịgba izu ime aghụghọ (Kent 2010). Ihe omume ndị a mere ka mgbasa ozi ọjọọ dịkwuo njọ. N'afọ 2011, onye nta akụkọ CNN bụ Anderson Cooper wepụtara akụkọ pụrụ iche akpọrọ "Nnwale Sissy Boy," bụ nke kpughere ọrụ Rekers na-ahụ maka nyocha ndị na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ nke e mere iji kpochapụ omume ọjọọ na igbochi mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ụmụ nwoke, otu n'ime ha gburu onwe ya dịka onye toro eto. Na ngwụcha afọ iri nke abụọ NARTH, Warren Throckmorton (2011), onye bụbu onye otu NARTH nke kwadoro usoro ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, kpughere na pasenti iri asaa na ise nke ndị otu NARTH abụghị ndị sayensị ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ, kama “ndị nkịtị, ndị ozi, na ndị na-eme ihe ike.”

Mmalite nke afọ iri nke atọ NARTH bụ ọgba aghara na nhazigharị nhazi. 2012 butere ọtụtụ nnukwu ndọghachi azụ. N'afọ 2012, onye na-ahụ maka mgbaka bụ Robert Spitzer chọrọ iweghachite ọmụmụ 2003 nke kwuru na mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọahụ ga-ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọ nwere ntụpọ, ma rịọ mgbaghara maka mmerụ ahụ ọ kpatara. NARTH nyefere akwụkwọ ozi n'ụlọ ikpe Kasị Elu nke United States iji kwadoo Iwu Nchekwa Alụmdi na Nwunye, nke ha mebiri nke ọma, ma gwa gọọmentị etiti ka ha mata alụm di na nwunye nke steeti kwadoro. NARTH tụfuru ọkwa enweghị ụtụ isi mgbe ọ leghaara idebe akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa. Ihe omume kachasị njọ maka NARTH na 2012 mere mgbe California ghọrọ steeti mbụ nyere iwu machibido ndị ọkachamara ahụike nwere ikike itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe na ụmụaka. NARTH gbara akwụkwọ ma tụfuo ya. N'afọ 2013, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka sekit nke itoolu kwadoro ụkpụrụ iwu. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ arịrịọ maka mkpegharị ọzọ. Exodus International wepụrụ ihe NARTH na webụsaịtị ya yana onye isi ala ya, Alan Chambers, jụrụ n'ihu ọha ọgwụgwọ nrụzigharị. Nke a kpaliri ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Exodus na ministri ịhapụ nzukọ ahụ wee guzobe netwọk ozi nke na-ama aka nke a na-akpọ The Restored Hope Network. Onye nchoputa NARTH Joseph Nicolosi sonyeere RHN's Board. Na 2013, American Psychiatric Association wepụrụ "nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị" na DSM ma dochie ya na " Gender Dysphoria," nke mebiri ndị mmadụ transgender na ndị na-abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ (APA 2013). N'otu afọ ahụ, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụtara nkwupụta (WMA 2013) na "na-akatọ usoro a na-akpọ 'mgbanwe' ma ọ bụ 'nhazi' nke ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike. E bipụtara nzaghachi NARTH na akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke Association Medical Medical Catholic (Rosik 2014).

Ihe omume ndị a kpaliri ndị isi NARTH ka ha degharịa aha nzukọ a na ozi ya kpamkpam. Na 2014, Alliance for Therapeutic Choice na Sayensị Iguzosi Ike n'ezi ihe ghọrọ aha ọhụrụ nke nzukọ ahụ na “NARTH Institute” etinyere n'akụkụ otu ngalaba ọhụrụ ATCSI. ATCSI na-anọchite anya ọpụpụ dị ịrịba ama site na incarnation ya gara aga. Na mgbakwunye na ịmegharị ọgbakọ ahụ na ịgbasawanye ozi ya, ndị isi ATCSI kwuputakwara na ha ekepụtala ọgbakọ nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ, International Federation for Therapeutic and Counseling Choice (IFTCC), wee nọrọ ATCSI n'ime ọgbakọ ahụ. Asụsụ ọrụ nhazi nke IFTCC fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nke ATCSI. Akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke IFTCC bụ "ụzọ gbasara mmadụ," nke "dabere na nghọta Judeo-Christian banyere ahụ, alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ" (IFTCC 2022). Mmepe a bụ nnabata gọọmentị maka nkwenye okpukperechi nke gọọmentị etiti na ndị otu ya, ọkachasị Alliance for Therapeutic Choice na Scientific Integrity.

Ndị malitere NARTH gbalịsiri ike ịhazi nzukọ a dị ka sayensị na nke ụwa. N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ nke ọma ahịa etiologies nke nsogbu na "ngwọta ọgwụgwọ" nye ndị ahịa, NARTH's ntughari na ATCSI, nke na-edobe "nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ" tupu "ikwesị ntụkwasị obi sayensị," na ụkpụrụ omume ọhụrụ ya (ATCSI 2018) maka ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe nke nzukọ ahụ kwadoro. , Mmekọahụ Mmasị Mmekọahụ Ịchọgharị Mmiri na Ọgwụgwọ (SAFE-T), pụtara dị ka nkwenye. Arịrịọ NARTH na-arịọ sayensị echebebeghị ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike uche nwere ikike megide iwu ọkachamara na iwu. Dị ka ọkà n’akparamàgwà mmadụ bụ́ Charles Silverstein (2003:33) si kwuo, “echiche nke ‘nhọrọ’ nke ikike Ndị Kraịst na-achọghị mgbanwe kwadoro ugbu a bụ nlọghachi azụ n’ nkwenkwe okpukpe mbụ e nwere na ‘nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ’.”

Na 2012, Southern Poverty Law Center gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa obodo megide ndị na-azụ ahịa wayo megide otu òtù nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke bụbu, ndị Juu na-enye Nhọrọ Ọhụrụ maka Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị (JONAH), nke onye bụbu onye ọrụ NARTH bụ Arthur Goldberg mebere. Ndị ọrụ NARTH bụ Joseph Nicolosi, Joseph Berger, Christopher Doyle, na James Phelan nyere nkwupụta ndị ọkachamara tupu oge ikpe ahụ wee gbaa akaebe n'ụlọ ikpe na-akwado JONAH. Na 2015, ọkàikpe ahụ kwupụtara na, dịka iwu, nwoke idina nwoke abụghị ọrịa uche ma wepụ akaebe ha (Dubrowski 2015) . Ndị juri ahụ weghachiri ikpe n'otu n'otu, na-achọpụta na JONAH nwere ụgwọ maka aghụghọ ndị ahịa. Ndị ụlọ ikpe na-ajụkarị nkwupụta sayensị nke ndị ọkachamara NARTH (Dubrowski 2015). Ọ bụ ezie na ATCSI na-ekwusi ike, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ntọala ahụike uche n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, na ọgwụgwọ ha kwadoro dị irè, ụkpụrụ na nchekwa, o doro anya na nzọpụta NARTH enweghịzi ike ịdabere na mmasị ya na sayensị naanị. Ebe ọ bụ na 2014, ATCSI na-ama ụma leveraged arụmụka dabere na ikike (nnwere onwe ndị ahịa, mkpebi onwe onye, ​​nnwere onwe okpukpe, okpukpe dị iche iche, akọ na uche, nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, na ikike nne na nna) iji gbachitere izi ezi nke ọrụ ya (Clucas 2017, Robinson na Spivey). 2019).

Afọ mbụ nke ATCSI siri ezigbo ike. N'afọ 2014, ndị otu kọmitii United Nations megide ịta ahụhụ jụrụ ndị ọrụ nọ na US State Department maka ihe kpatara steeti 48 ji kwere ka ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe na ụmụntakịrị (Margolin 2014). Na 2015, Ọfịs nke UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations 2015) wepụtara akụkọ na-akpọ ka mba nile machibido “usoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe.” Na 2015, NARTH onye nchoputa Benjamin Kaufman hapụrụ akwụkwọ ikike ahụike ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke nnukwu nleghara anya na omume enweghị ọrụ (Eziokwu na-emeri 2016). The American Bar Association nakweere mkpebi na-agba ume "… niile gọọmenti etiti, steeti, mpaghara, ókèala na ebo ọchịchị ime iwu na-amachibidoro obodo-ikike ọkachamara iji ntughari ọgwụgwọ na ụmụntakịrị" (ABA 2015). N'afọ 2016, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Uwa Ụwa kwuputara usoro ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị ka ọ bụrụ "omume na-adịghị mma." Na 2017, onye nchoputa NARTH Joseph Nicolosi nwụrụ, ọnwa ole na ole tupu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States jụrụ ihe ịma aka megide iwu California na-amachibido ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe na ụmụaka. Iwu a emebiwo omume Nicolosi, na ọ bụ onye gbara akwụkwọ n'okwu ikpe na-ama ya (dị ka ọ dị NARTH). Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, Joseph Nicolosi, Jr. nwere akara “reparativetherapy” na “ọgwụgwọ nrụpụta,” na 2018 na 2019 n'otu n'otu (Justia 2018, 2019). Na 2019, onye na-ere ahịa juggernaut Amazon.com kwupụtara mkpebi ya ịkwụsị ire akwụkwọ na ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị.

Atụmatụ nkwuputa okwu gbasara ikike nke ATCSI nwetara nnukwu mmeri n'iwu na 2020, mgbe USlọ ikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke iri na otu mebiri iwu abụọ na Florida (obodo Boca Raton na Palm Beach County) nke machibidoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe na ụmụaka. Ndụmọdụ nnwere onwe, ụlọ ọrụ ịgba akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke ya na NARTH/ATCSI rụkọrọ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ (Robinson na Spivey 2019), nọchitere anya ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ abụọ, onye bụbu Onye isi ala NARTH Julie Hamilton na Robert Otto. Ha mara iwu ndị a aka dị ka mmebi nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Naanị oge ga-egosi ma ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ihe na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọdịnihu.

Na 2021, American Psychological Association nakweere mkpebi na-ewusi nguzo ya megide SOCE (APA 2021a) yana mkpebi mbụ ya megidere mbọ mgbanwe njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (APA 2021b). Maka oge izizi na US, ewebata iwu pro-conversion therapy n'ime ụlọ omebe iwu steeti ise (Terkel 2021). Ụgwọ Oklahoma, "The Parental and Family Rights in Counseling Protection Act," bụ onye nnochite anya Jim Olson, onye hotara onye isi oche ATCSI, dọkịta pediatrician Michelle Cretella, ikwu na ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị nwere ike ịdị irè na ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ (Brack 2021). Ụgwọ Arizona chọrọ igbochi ụlọ ọrụ steeti ịta ndị ọkachamara na-etinye aka na ọgwụgwọ "kwekọrọ na akọnuche ma ọ bụ nkwenkwe okpukpe." Ọnweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụgwọ ndị a etinyere n'iwu. Dịka nke 2022, ihe karịrị ọkara steeti, na ọtụtụ obodo US, nwere ụdị mmachibido ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe, site na iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ (Movement Advancement Project 2022). Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị a niile na-amachibido ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na ụmụaka site na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike steeti nyere ikike.

ỤLỌDỤ / EKWERE

Ebumnobi ntọala NARTH bụ ichekwa ebe obibi nke ndị ọkachamara na-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị ahịa na-enwe nkụda mmụọ gbasara mmasị nwoke na nwanyị na-enweghi mmasị na nwoke na nwanyị. Na nkwupụta mmalite nke amụma, NARTH kwuputara na nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke “… bụ ihe megidere ichekwa ezinụlọ” (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1993a: 2). Echiche ụwa nke NARTH kwalitere na ATCSI na-aga n'ihu na-akwalite (ma na-ekere òkè na ozi mgbanwe ya na ndị mmekọ ziri ezi nke Ndị Kraịst) bụ na ndị nna ochie, usoro ezinụlọ nuklia bụ nke Chineke chiri echichi, na-egosipụta n'usoro okike, ma bụrụ isi ihe na-eme ka ahụike dị mma. ọha mmadụ. Ụlọ ọrụ niile nke ọha mmadụ (okpukpe, iwu, ọgwụ, wdg) kwesịrị ichekwa ma chekwaa nnukwu atụmatụ a na usoro okike dị mkpa nke dabere na ya (Burack and Josephson 2005; Robinson and Spivey 2007, 2015, 2019).

ATCSI na-akwalite nkwenye na nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị dị iche iche bụ nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-etolite site na ịzụ ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị mma / mgbanwe ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ nsogbu nwata ndị ọzọ, bụ nke na-akwado ma na-emewanyewanye na ọkwa ọha site na nwanyị, ikike nwoke na nwanyị, na mmegharị transgender (Robinson na Spivey 2007, 2019). Mbọ ya n'ịre ahịa ọgwụgwọ na mgbochi nke "ọgbaghara nwoke na nwanyị" bụ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe Judeo-Kraịst na-akwadoghị na iwu ndị na-agọnarị ikike mmadụ na nke obodo kwadoro ndị LGBT. ATCSI ka na-anọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mbọ ndị a, na ugbu a na-egosipụta na webinar site n'aka onye ọka iwu Liberty Counsel Mat Staver na ihe kpatara Iwu Equality, nke ga-agbakwunye nchedo ịkpa ókè na-adabere na nhazi mmekọahụ na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na iwu gọọmenti etiti, kwesịrị ekwesị. na-emegide.

Ndị ọrụ NARTH na akwụkwọ nhazi sitere na 1992-2013 nwara iguzobe ụkpụrụ sayensị maka ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ndị otu bọọdụ, na ndị ndụmọdụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ iri atọ ya bụ ndị jigidere ọnọdụ okpukperechi na ụkpụrụ omume nwoke na nwanyị na ndịiche nwoke na nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na ndị otu bọọdụ nọrọ n'otu oge nọrọ n'ọkwa ndị ama ama na na/ma ọ bụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na netwọk ozi ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ndị Kraịst na-emegide LGBT. N'agbanyeghị nkwupụta na NARTH bụ ọgbakọ sayensị nke ọma, akwụkwọ ya na-ekwupụtakarị ma na-akwado nkatọ ndị Judeo-Kraịst na-echeghị echiche banyere nwoke idina nwoke na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmezi, nke na-ejikọta ma na-ebute okpukpe ụzọ n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ nke na-edepụta mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị (Robinson and Spivey 2007, 2015, 2019), bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe Elizabeth Moberly (1983). Ọ bụla ụdị “ọgwụgwọ” kachasị kemgbe ngwụcha 1980s. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa NARTH bụ Joseph Nicolosi (Besen 2003, Erzen 2006). Ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ kachasị ama ama nke NARTH na ndị ọrụ Ndị Kraịst na ndị Juu na-akwalite gburugburu ụwa maka ịchọpụta na “ọgwụgwọ” ndị mmadụ nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị na nwoke na nwanyị dysphoria (Hall 2017, Mikulak 2020, Robinson na Spivey 2015).

Na 2014, mgbe nzukọ ahụ degharịrị aha ya dị ka Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity ma mepụta ụkpụrụ omume ọhụrụ, sayensị ghọrọ nke abụọ na "nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ" na ụkpụrụ okpukpe na ikike nke ndị ahịa na ndị ọkachamara.

RITUALS / PRACTICES

Ebumnuche mbụ nke NARTH bụ ichekwa ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche nwere ikike na-enye ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe SOGIE site na iwu ọkachamara. Òtù ahụ chọkwara ịzụ ahịa ọgwụgwọ ndị ahịa, bụ ndị na-agbaso usoro ọgwụgwọ dabere na esemokwu okpukpe. Ha abụọ nwere ike ịka njọ n'obodo na-anabatawanye ma na-amata ikike obodo nke ndị LGBT.

Site na NARTH, ndị na-akwado ntughari pụtara na ha na-etinye aka na mmemme niile ama ama nke otu ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara sayensị. Ha nyere onye ndu kwụsiri ike, mepụta otu, ma mepụta nhazi nhazi iji kwado ọrụ ya. NARTH na-akwado akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-akwado ọgbakọ ogbako kwa afọ (kamgbe 1993), na-edobe webụsaịtị (mgbe 2006), ma na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya (mgbe 2009). NARTH kwuru na ọ kwadoro sayensị dị ka ntọala maka nyocha na ọgwụgwọ yana ịbụ nzukọ ụwa. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara nke ukwuu maka ịzụlite mmekọrịta bara uru na netwọk ozi mgbanwe yana òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke Ndị Kraịst. NARTH nyere ikike nke sayensị maka ministri na akaebe ọkachamara maka ịgba akwụkwọ ikike Ndị Kraịst, iwu, na nkwado amụma. Na nloghachi, ndị mmekọ a wetara mgbasa ozi, ntugharị ndị ahịa, na ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu (lee Robinson and Spivey 2019). Na mgbakwunye na omume sayensị ya, NARTH na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile, de facto, dị ka òtù okpukpe n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ọrụ ya (Clucas 2017; Drescher 1998).

Akwụkwọ nhazi nke ATCSI (akwụkwọ akụkọ, webụsaịtị, ihe ngosi ogbako, na akwụkwọ akụkọ) na-ekesa mgbe niile ma kwalite echiche okpukpe Judeo-Christian maka nwoke idina nwoke na ndịiche nwoke na nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ya na ndị otu ya bụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche nwere ikike jikọtara nkà mmụta okpukpe na/ma ọ bụ omume okpukpe edebere (ekpere, ịgụ akwụkwọ nsọ, ịga ụka ma ọ bụ otu nkwado ozi) n'ime ọrụ ha na ndị ahịa. Nnyocha nke nzukọ ahụ (Nicolosi, Byrd and Potts 2000) chọpụtara na ọtụtụ "ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike uche" na-etinye okpukpe n'ime ọrụ ha na ndị ahịa ọbụlagodi oge ụfọdụ.

Nduzi ATCSI na-anọchi anya njikọ okpukpere chi nke Ndị Kraịst na ndị Juu na-eche nche. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ ATCSI, bọọdụ na ndị otu kọmitii, n'oge gara aga na ugbu a, nwere njikọ okpukperechi na-anọchite anya ndị Katọlik na-achọghị mgbanwe, ndị Juu, LDS, Protestant mainline, omenala Ndị Kraịst na-abụghị nke okpukperechi na ozi ọma. Onye isi ala ọ bụla n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nzukọ a bụbu Onye Kraịst. Ha na-ebipụtakarị ọrụ ha na akwụkwọ akụkọ okpukpe na akwụkwọ akụkọ (Waidzunas 2015).

Ndị isi ATCSI na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma na-enwekarị ọkwa ndị a ma ama na òtù ndị ozi na-edina ụdị onwe (Robinson na Spivey 2015, 2019; Waidzunas 2015). James Phelan bụbu Onye isi ala nke ọgbakọ mgbanwe, ozi Methodist (Kuyper 1999). Arthur Goldberg mebere JONAH, bụ́ ozi ndị Juu. David Pruden, Dean Byrd, Shirley Cox, Jerry Harris, na David Matheson jere ozi nke ọma na ozi LDS, Evergreen International (Petrey 2020). Michael Davidson na-eduzi ozi na UK Charles Socarides, Joseph Nicolosi, Janelle Hallman, Richard Fitzgibbons (Tushnet 2021) na ndị ọzọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na Courage International, ozi Katọlik. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ọgbakọ NARTH/ATCSI na-agụnyekarị ndị isi nke ministri ndị a yana Exodus International, Otu otu, Network Hope Restored, International Healing Foundation, na ndị ọzọ.

ATCSI na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị otu iwu nke Ndị Kraịst, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ahụike, ọkachasị Ndụmọdụ nnwere onwe, Focus on the Family, na American College of Pediatricians (Robinson and Spivey 2019; Spivey na Robinson 2010). Ndị nnọchi anya otu ndị a na ndị ọzọ yiri ya na-ekwukarị okwu na ọgbakọ ATCSI. Ndị otu bọọdụ ATCSI enwewokwa oke ọrụ iduzi n'otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na ahụike nke Ndị Kraịst. Onye bụbu onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke NARTH na onye ụkọchukwu Baptist George Rekers rụkọrọ ọrụ na Kansụl Nnyocha Ezinụlọ. Onye isi mgbaka ndị Juu bụ Jeffrey Satinover jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ahụike maka Focus on the Family. Dọkịta ụmụaka nke Katọlik bụ Michelle Cretella bụ onye isi oche nke kọleji American College of Pediatricians.

Na mgbakwunye na ihe ịga nke ọma ATCSI nwere n'ịgbasa akwụkwọ na echiche ya site na mmekorita dị egwu na nke na-amịpụta na òtù okpukpe na-achọghị mgbanwe, ndị isi ya abụwokwa ndị nkwado siri ike, na-enye ajụjụ ọnụ mgbasa ozi na ịpụta na ihe ngosi telivishọn a ma ama. Akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ikike ya iguzogide iwu ndị ọkachamara na nke iwu, na-adọta ndị ahịa, na igosi na ọ dị adị na mpaghara ọha na eze bụ mkpesa okwu ya. Ndị ọkà mmụta enyochala usoro okwu "framing" nke ndị isi NARTH / ATCSI ji agbachitere ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị ma rịọ ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche (Arthur et al. 2014, Bennett 2003, Burack and Josephson 2005, Clucas 2017, Conrad na Angell 2004, Robinson and Spivey). 2019, Stewart 2005, Waidzunas 2015). Ọ bụ ezie na nzukọ ahụ na-ekwusi ike, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ntọala ahụike uche, na ọgwụgwọ ahụ dị irè, ụkpụrụ na nchekwa, o doro anya na ọdịnihu ATCSI ga-adabere n'ụzọ dị iche. Ka ndị ọrụ ahụike uche na iwu na-achịkwa usoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe SOGIE, atụmatụ ATCSI kwusiri ike “nnwere onwe ndị ahịa” na echiche okpukpe karịa sayensị. Nke a bụ isi ihe na-egosipụta site n'ịmagharị NARTH dị ka Alliance for Therapeutic Choice na Sayensị Iguzosi Ike n'ezi ihe.

NKWUKWU / LEADERSHIP

Njikọ aka maka Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ yana iguzosi ike n'ezi sayensị sayensị bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ. [Foto dị n'aka nri] Usoro ndu izizi nke NARTH nwere onye isi nchịkwa, onye isi ala, na osote onye isi ala, nke Joseph Nicolosi, Charles Socarides, na Benjamin Kaufman na-arụ ọrụ (n'otu n'otu). Nicolosi dezie ya Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH ma jee ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mbụ-oche akụ. NARTH guzobere ọtụtụ kọmitii n'ime afọ mbụ ya (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1993a), gụnyere: kọmitii ndụmọdụ na gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike agụmakwụkwọ na nke uche; kọmitii na mgbasa ozi, òtù okpukperechi na ndị na-elekọta mmadụ; kọmitii na ozi ọha / akwụkwọ nta, kọmitii na-eyi egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ, na kọmitii na-ejikọ aka na ministri okpukpe na ndị bụbu nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Jack Hale buru ụzọ nye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu. NARTH nwetara ọkwa ntọhapụ ụtụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na 1993 (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1993 b). Na 1994, ọ gbakwụnyere kọmitii nyocha (Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH 1994). NARTH guzobekwara otu bọọdụ ndị nduzi na kọmitii ndụmọdụ sayensị.

The Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH (1992:7), a kpọgharịrị aha ya “Akwụkwọ akụkọ NARTH” ka emechara, wepụrụ ụdị mbụ nke otu. Ndị a na-agụnye ndị otu ("maka ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na ọgwụgwọ uche ma ọ bụ nyocha nke nwoke idina nwoke ... na-emeghe ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị ndụmọdụ, na ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ kwadoro [ndị] gụchara ogo mmụta nke Masters' [sic] mmekọahụ, ezinụlọ, na MFC. mmemme”), onye otu (“maka ndị nkuzi, ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha, ndị isi okpukperechi, ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana ndị edemede na ngalaba nke mmekọahụ na ahụike ezinụlọ [gụnyere] onye ọ bụla na sayensị omume nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na nwoke idina nwoke. ”), na ndị enyi nke NARTH (maka “ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-achọ ịkwalite ma kwalite ebumnuche mmụta na ọgwụgwọ nke nzukọ a”). Ụdị otu ahụ kwuru na NARTH na-enye ntụaka ndị ahịa maka ndị otu nọ na ngalaba nke mbụ.

NARTH kere ma gbarie ọtụtụ kọmitii ad hoc site na 1992-2013, gụnyere kọmitii mmekọrịta okpukpere chi. Agbanyeghị, nhazi ya, nhazi ya na ndị otu ya kwụsiri ike ka nzukọ a na-etolite. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị otu nzukọ, nke a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na n'ọgbakọ kwa afọ, toro nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ime afọ iri mbụ ya. N'afọ 2003, ndị otu NARTH nọ "na-eru nso 1,500 na-eto ngwa ngwa" (Byrd 2003:5). Na 2009, NARTH tọrọ ntọala Akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ma mepụta ọkwa ọhụrụ (dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-ahụ maka njikwa, ma emesịa, bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ) iji rụọ ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

N'afọ 2014, mgbe NARTH ghọrọ Alliance for Therapeutic Choice na Sayensị Iguzosi Ike n'ezi ihe, ndị isi otu a malitere "Ụlọ Ọrụ NARTH," n'akụkụ nkewa nke ụlọ ọrụ mepere ọhụrụ n'ime ATCSI. N'ikpeazụ, e wepụrụ acronym NARTH kpamkpam. Ruo ugbu a, ngalaba isii nke ATCSI gụnyere ngalaba atọ “nkwado ọha” (Ethics, Family & Faith; Education Public; and Client Rights) na ngalaba atọ “ọkachamara” (Clinical, Research and Medical). Nkewa ọ bụla nwere ebumnuche nke ya, kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ.

N'afọ 2014, ndị ọrụ NARTH hiwekwara ọgbakọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, International Federation for Therapeutic and Counseling Choice, nwere echiche ụwa nke Judeo-Christian n'ụzọ doro anya, ma kwupụta ATCSI dị ka onye otu n'ime gọọmentị a.

ISSUES / CHALLENGES

N'ime afọ 30, ATCSI emezuola nnukwu ọhụụ nke ndị malitere ya. Ndị otu akwụkwọ ikike ya rụpụtara nke ọma otu netwọk nke ndị ọkachamara na ndị na-akwado ya iji kwalite ozi ọgbakọ na ịrụ ọrụ ya. Site n'ịzụlite mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ya na netwọk ozi guzosiri ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, mbọ ATCSI kwalitere ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị na United States ma wusie usoro ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị mba ụwa ike. ATCSI atachiela anya mfu, ọgbaghara ihu igwe, ma na-aga n'ihu site na mgbasa ozi na-adịghị mma metụtara ụfọdụ ndị isi ya na ndị ha na ha jikọrọ aka; Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbochi ya bụ isi bụ mpụga. Mgbalị ATCSI na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na-ebutekwa ọtụtụ okwu a na-edozibeghị.

Ihe ịma aka kachasị na-eche ATCSI ihu bụ ọkachamara na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ iwu. ACTSI nwere ndị mmegide siri ike, gụnyere na karịa ahụike uche, ahụike na ndị ọkachamara gbasara iwu. Ndị a na-agụnye òtù ndị na-abaghị uru bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ ịkụziri, ịkwado, iwu iwu, na ịgba akwụkwọ megide ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị, dị ka Truth Wins Out, Southern Poverty Law Center, National Center for Lesbian Rights, na Trevor Project. Ruo n'ókè ole na n'ụzọ dị aṅaa ka òtù ahụike uche, bọọdụ ikike ikike steeti, na ụlọ omebe iwu ga-esi ahazi ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ntughari? Ntugharị ịgafe iwu steeti na-amachibido ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ikike itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ ntughari na ụmụntakịrị ọ ga-aga n'ihu? Kedu ihe enwere ike ịhazi nke a site na iwu dị adị na-echebe ụmụaka site na mmegbu (Hicks 1999)? Ndị ọkà mmụta achọpụtala oke na oghere nke ụzọ ndị a (Alexander 2017, Calvert 2020, Drescher 2022). Kedu maka iwu aghụghọ ndị ahịa, dị ka Iwu Mgbochi Ọgwụgwọ Ọgwụgwụ nke gọọmentị etiti a tụrụ aro, nke ga-eme ka usoro ntụgharị mgbasa ozi na mgbanwe maka ịkwụ ụgwọ bụrụ omume aghụghọ maka ụmụaka na ndị okenye? Kedu maka iwu steeti na gọọmenti etiti iji "kwụghachi ụgwọ" Alexander 2017) ma ọ bụ jụ iji ego ọha na eze kwụọ ụgwọ maka ya, dị ka ihe akwadoro maka igbochi Medicaid Funding for Conversion Therapy Act? N'ụzọ dị aṅaa ka atụmanya na-akụda mmụọ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe nke "technology dị elu" na-eweta ohere ọhụrụ maka ndị na-akwado ntụgharị, na ihe ịma aka ndị dị mgbagwoju anya maka ịhazi ha (Earp, Sandberg, and Savulescu 2014)?

N'ime afọ iri atọ, ATCSI egosila na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma guzogidere mgbalị nke ndị otu ọkachamara na ndị otu na-akwado ịkwado ma ọ bụ gbochie ọgwụgwọ mgbanwe SOGIE. Nkwekọrịta nkwenye nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike uche bụ na ọ nweghị usoro mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị bụ ọrịa uche. Ekwesịrị ịhapụ ndị ahịa ka ha gbasoo mbọ ịgbanwe agbanyeghị, maka onwe ha ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha, dabere na nkwenkwe okpukpe ha ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ? Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ nwere ikikere emetụtala iwu na ụkpụrụ steeti machibido ọgwụgwọ a na-enye ụmụaka aka, ọtụtụ ahapụla iwu na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ọkachamara (IRTC 2020). Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka ndị ndụmọdụ okpukpe na-enweghị ikike, ndị omume okpukpe ha karịrị usoro iwu US (Cruz 1998-1999, Knauer 2020). Nkewa nke ATCSI na ikike ndị ahịa raara onwe ya nye iguzogide ndị ọkachamara na njikwa iwu, wee nweta nnukwu mmeri na nso nso a nke mebiri iwu abụọ. Ruo kedu ókè nnwere onwe okpukpe nke ATCSI na arụmụka gbadoro ụkwụ na ikike ga-aga nke ọma na ngalaba ikpe? Gịnị banyere ụlọikpe nke ọha? Kedu ka ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na obodo nke ndị LGBT, bụ ndị togoro nke ọma kemgbe NARTH malitere na 1992, ga-esi metụta ọchịchọ maka ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị? Ahịa taa ka siri ike.

Foto

Foto #1: Joseph Nicolosi
Foto #2: Charles Socarides
Onyonyo #3: Logo nke National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality.
Onyonyo #4: Njikọ aka maka Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe sayensị.

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Ụbọchị Mgbasa Ozi:
12 April 2022