AUGUSTA E. STETSON TIMELINE
1842 (hnub thiab hli tsis paub): Augusta Emma Simmons yug los rau Peabody Simmons thiab Salome Sprague hauv Waldoboro, Maine.
1866 (Lub Yim Hli 14): Augusta Simmons tau sib yuav Captain Frederick J. Stetson, tus tub rog nkoj.
1866–1870: Cov Stetsons tau caij nkoj thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog kev nres ntev hauv cov chaw xws li Bombay, Is Nrias teb.
1870: Capt. Stetson txoj kev noj qab haus huv tawg, nkawm niam txiv tsiv mus rau Damariscotta, Maine.
1873: Cov Stetsons tau tsiv nrog Augusta cov niam txiv hauv Somerville, Massachusetts.
1875: Mary Baker Eddy luam tawm Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv.
1879 (Lub Rau Hli): Eddy tau teeb tsa lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos (Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb) hauv Lynn, Massachusetts. Nws tau tsiv mus rau Boston tom qab xyoo ntawd.
1882: Augusta E. Stetson tau kawm hauv Boston's Blish School of Oratory.
1884 (Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav): Stetson hnov Eddy qhuab qhia hauv Charlestown, Massachusetts.
1884 (Kaum Ib Hlis): Ntawm Eddy qhov kev caw, Stetson tau kawm ob lub lis piam ntawm Christian Science ntawm Eddy's Massachusetts Metaphysical College.
1884–1885: Tom qab nws los ua ib tug Christian Science practitioner (kho kho) nyob rau hauv Boston, Stetson siv ob peb lub lis piam nyob rau hauv Skowhegan, Maine thiab Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, ntse kho cov neeg mob.
1885–1886: Eddy hais kom Stetson qhia rau nws hnub Sunday hauv Hawthorne Hall, Boston.
1886 (Lub Ob Hlis): Stetson tau kawm ib txwm nrog Eddy los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm Christian Science.
1886 (Kaum Ib Hlis): Eddy xa Stetson mus rau New York City los pab qhia Christian Science.
1887 (Kaum Ib Hlis 29): Stetson tau teeb tsa qhov uas tau los ua Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York (tom qab ntawd hu ua First Church).
1890 (Lub Kaum Hli 21): Stetson tau raug tsa ua xibhwb ntawm nws pawg ntseeg.
1891 (Lub Xya Hli 24): Stetson qhib lub koom haum New York Christian Science, qhov chaw uas nws qhia cov chav kawm ntawm Christian Science.
1891 (Lub Kaum Hli): Tom qab kev sib txhuam nrog Stetson, Eddy tus tub ntxhais kawm Laura Lathrop thiab lwm tus tau tawm ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj los npaj qhov uas tau los ua Lub Koom Txoos Thib Ob ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York.
1892: Eddy tau tsim lub Koom Txoos Niam hauv Boston.
1894 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30): Eddy tshem tawm cov xibhwb thiab tsa phau Vajlugkub thiab Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv raws li cov xibhwb hauv pawg ntseeg. Stetson tau los ua Thawj Tus Nyeem Ntawv ntawm nws pawg ntseeg hauv New York.
1895: Eddy luam tawm nws tas li hloov kho Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia.
1896 (Cuaj Hlis 27): Stetson tau mob siab rau thawj lub tsev ntawm nws lub tsev teev ntuj, 1,000 lub rooj zaum qub Episcopal Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Txhua Tus Souls, nyob rau sab hnub poob 48th Street. Rau cuaj xyoo dhau los, Stetson lub koom txoos tau pe hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev xauj tsev, pib nrog ib chav nyob ntawm lub khw.
1901 (Lub Xya Hli 6): Frederick Stetson, tseem yog tus tsis raug cai, tuag hauv New York.
1903 (Kaum Ib Hlis 29): Stetson qhib thiab mob siab rau, tsis muaj nuj nqis, $ 1,150,000, 2,200-lub rooj zaum ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm New York's Central Park West.
1908 (Kaum Ib Hlis 30): Pawg thawj coj ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj tau pov npav los yuav ntau ntau ntawm Riverside Drive rau 8,000-lub rooj zaum ntawm nws pawg ntseeg, ib qho kev ua txhaum cai ntawm Eddy's Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia nyob rau hauv 1909.
1909 (Lub Xya Hli 24): Eddy tau hais kom pawg thawj coj saib xyuas Christian Science Board of Directors ntawm Niam Lub Koom Txoos los tshawb xyuas Stetson. Tom qab ntawd Eddy tau hais kom Cov Thawj Coj cia Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj tswj qhov teeb meem.
1909 (Kaum Ib Hlis 4): Hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntev, Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj tau tshem tawm tag nrho nws ntawm Niam Lub Koom Txoos cov nqi uas suav nrog kev tswj hwm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, tsis lees paub lwm ceg pawg ntseeg raws li kev cai, deification ntawm Eddy, thiab ua txhaum cai ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia.
1909 (Kaum Ib Hlis 18): Lub Koom Txoos Niam Txiv tau tawm tsam Stetson; Tsis ntev nws tau tawm ntawm First Church, New York.
1913: Stetson luam tawm Reminiscences, Sermons, and Correspondence.
1914: Stetson luam tawm Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv Christian Science.
1918: Stetson tau tsim New York Oratorio Society ntawm New York City Christian Science Institute, suav nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm.
1923: Stetson luam tawm Cov Ntawv Sau thiab Excerpts los ntawm Cov Ntawv, 1889–1909, los ntawm Mary Baker Eddy . . . rau Augusta E. Stetson.
1925: Stetson luam tawm Cov lus qhuab qhia uas sab ntsuj plig txhais cov vaj lug kub thiab lwm cov ntawv sau ntawm Christian Science.
1926: Stetson tau tshaj tawm xov tooj cua WHAP, uas qhia txog nativist programming thiab concerts los ntawm Oratorio Society.
1928 (Lub Kaum Hli 12): Augusta E. Stetson tuag hauv Rochester, New York thaum muaj hnub nyoog yim caum-rau.
2004: Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj yaj nws tus kheej, koom ua ke nrog Lub Koom Txoos Thib Ob, Lathrop lub tsev teev ntuj qub, los ua ib lub Koom Txoos Tshiab. Thawj lub tsev teev ntuj raug muag rau $15,000,000.
BIOGRAPHY
Augusta E. Stetson [Duab ntawm sab xis] yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm kev ntseeg uas tsis muaj peev xwm, muaj ntau lub ntsej muag uas rhuav tshem cov poj niam tshiab, tau txais kev hlub los ntawm ntau pua tus neeg ua raws, thiab ua phem rau cov neeg sib tw. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu nws tias "tus neeg txawj ntse, tsis muaj zog," "tus cwj pwm tsis zoo," thiab tus tubtxib hnub nyoog kawg, thaum lwm tus tau pleev xim rau nws ua "tus neeg phem, muaj hwj chim, [thiab] pe hawm Mammon" (cited hauv Swensen 2008 :76). Yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab nws tuag, nws yog lub sij hawm los soj ntsuam nws lub luag hauj lwm ua ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv Christian Science nrog lub hom phiaj ntau dua.
Augusta Emma Simmons yug los rau Peabody Simmons thiab Salome Sprague hauv Waldoboro, Maine xyoo 1842 (hnub thiab hli tsis paub). Nws muaj "kev kawm tiav rau nws hnub," suav nrog Lincoln Academy hauv zos, sib npaug ntawm tsev kawm theem siab (Cunningham 1994: 15). Paub txog nws lub peev xwm ua suab paj nruag, nws txiv tau npaj rau nws los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg ntseeg Methodist hauv zos thaum nws muaj kaum plaub xyoos. Thaum nws muaj nees nkaum-ob xyoos, nws tau sib yuav Captain Frederick J. Stetson, ib tug neeg ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm lub nkoj, thiab tau nrog nws nyob hauv tej chaw xws li Askiv, Is Nrias teb, thiab Burma. Tom qab Frederick txoj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo nyob rau xyoo 1870, nkawm niam txiv tau tsiv mus rau Damariscotta, Maine. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd lawv tau tsiv nrog Augusta cov niam txiv hauv Somerville, Massachusetts, ib cheeb tsam ntawm Boston. Xyoo 1882, nws tau mus kawm hauv Blish School of Oratory hauv Boston los txhawb nws txoj kev hais lus rau pej xeem. Nws txoj kev npaj yog tias nws yuav muab cov lus qhuab qhia rau pej xeem kom tau nyiaj los txhawb nqa nws tus kheej thiab nws tus txiv, uas tau dhau los ua neeg tsis raug cai (Cunningham 1994: 13–26).
Thaum nyob hauv Boston, Stetson tau kawm txog Christian Science, ib tug “tshiab Christian tus kheej” (Voorhees 2021:8) nyuam qhuav tsim los ntawm Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), kom “ua nco txog lo lus thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm peb tus Xib Hwb [Yexus], uas yuav tsum tau rov qab muab cov ntseeg qub txeeg qub teg thiab nws txoj kev kho uas ploj lawm. ” (Eddy 1936:17). Plaub xyoos tom qab luam tawm nws phau ntawv, Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (1875), Eddy tau tsim lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos (Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Choj) hauv Lynn, Massachusetts nrog nees nkaum rau cov thwjtim, tsiv nws cov kev pabcuam mus rau Boston tom qab ntawd xyoo ntawd (Swensen 2018: 92–93). Tom qab disbanding nws thawj unruly Boston pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv 1889, Eddy nrhiav tau lub centralized Niam lub Koom Txoos, Thawj lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, kws tshawb fawb, peb xyoos tom qab. Tshaj tawm tias cov txiv neej thiab poj niam yog cov me nyuam zoo tag nrho ntawm ib tug Vajtswv zoo tag nrho, Eddy hais tias, "Peb tsis muaj txoj cai ntau npaum li kev tshawb fawb, rau qhov kev hu Vajtswv tus txiv neej li poj niam, tus kawg yog tus kawg, yog li lub tswv yim siab tshaj plaws tau muab los ntawm Nws" (Eddy 1875: 238; Hicks 2004: 47). Qhov no yog ib lub tswv yim zoo, tab sis nws tsis yog tshiab kiag li. Raws li historian ntawm kev ntseeg Elaine Pagels, tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv tau pib xav tias yog "pojniam poj niam" lossis "niam" sab ntawm Vajtswv (Pagels 2006: 8). Eddy tau tsim nws txoj kev ntseeg kho kom zoo nyob ib puag ncig lub tswv yim ntawm Leej Txiv–Niam Vajtswv.
Thaum Stetson thawj zaug hnov Eddy qhuab qhia hauv Charlestown, Massachusetts xyoo 1884, nws paub tias nws tau pom nws lub niche. Raws li Stetson tom qab ntawd piav txog nws cov lus teb rau Eddy cov lus qhuab qhia: “Kuv pom lub hwj chim ntawm Khetos lub siab, thiab nws txoj kev thov rau kev txhaum thiab kev mob nkeeg, lub hwj chim uas Yexus tau siv, thiab nws qhia rau nws cov thwjtim” (Stetson 1913 /1917:852). Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev ntseeg Rosemary R. Hicks, Eddy tau txhawb cov poj niam kom "rov pib lub mantle ntawm kev kho mob uas lub koom haum tshuaj tau usurped thiab coj txoj hauj lwm ua thawj coj hauv hauj lwm qhuab qhia thiab kev kawm" (Hicks 2004: 58). Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev ntseeg Sarah Gardner Cunningham tau soj ntsuam txog Augusta E. Stetson, "Christian Science tau muab cov poj niam paub txog qee yam kev coj noj coj ua, ib lub sijhawm rau ib hom xwm txheej thiab kev ywj pheej nyiaj txiag raws li Christian Science kws kho mob [kho kho] thiab tus kws qhia, thiab kev kho sab ntsuj plig rau Frederick thiab rau nws tus kheej” (Cunningham 1994:27). Vim nws tus cwj pwm quab yuam, Stetson tau hu ua "Fighting Gus" (Strickler 1909: 175).
Thaum Eddy hais kom Stetson mus pab qhia txoj kev ntseeg rau New York City xyoo 1886, nws pib tsis kam tawm ntawm ib puag ncig uas paub thiab ua lag luam mus rau hauv lub nroog loj thiab txawv txawv. Tsis tau Stetson coj lub plunge thiab taug kev mus rau lub nroog Empire. Nws hais tias, “Raws li ntawm no thiab muaj ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg tau txais qhov tseeb kho,” nws hais tias, “cov tsev neeg tau maj mam txav mus rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj kev xyiv fab tshiab ntawm sab ntsuj plig txoj cai” (Stetson 1914/1917:105). Feem ntau cov thawj coj los ntawm cov poj niam uas nyuam qhuav tso tawm tshiab, Christian Science pib nws txoj kev nce siab sai vim yog kev kho mob ntawm lub cev. Ua pov thawj nws tus kheej yog ib tus kws kho mob zoo uas feem ntau coj kev kho mob sai sai, Stetson tau zoo siab rau Eddy, "Kev kho mob yog qhov xav tsis thoob" (Stetson 1894).
Stetson sai sai tau pib nyiam mloog. Xyoo 1894, ib tus neeg sau xov xwm hauv zos tau tshaj tawm tias nws tau khaws cia tias "poj niam zoo dua li tus txiv neej los ua lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, vim hais tias nws hais txog qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg" (Unattributed clipping 1894). Tom qab xauj qhov chaw rau kev pabcuam rau yuav luag kaum xyoo, xyoo 1896 Stetson tau yuav lub tsev 1,000 lub rooj zaum ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Episcopal qub ntawm West 48th Street. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm hu ua "Christian Science Churches Thronged," ib tus neeg sau xov xwm hauv zos tau piav qhia txog kev pabcuam hnub Sunday ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj: “Cov poj niam zoo nkauj hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj xim zoo nkauj, cheb thiab nqis rau hauv txoj kev, nres ntawm no thiab muaj kev sib tham hauv pab pawg, ob leeg. thiab peb, thiab zoo [-] cov txiv neej tu siab tau koom nrog hauv qhov zoo ib yam li kev txais tos ntawm Fifth Avenue tsev loj dua qhov kawg ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg” (hais hauv Cunningham 1994: 82). Tus kws sau keeb kwm Gillian Gill sau tias Stetson tau "tswj cov duab ntawm tus poj niam stylish, kab lis kev cai uas tau thov rau New York cov neeg nplua nuj nouveau" (Gill 1998: 534). Tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Christian Science Stephen Gottschalk pom tias Stetson yog "tus thawj coj ntawm kev nyiam ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb Christian kom ua raws li kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev hais lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev hloov maj mam-thiab qee zaum tsis yog qhov hloov maj mam-materialism" (Gottschalk 2006: 379 ib.).
Txhua tus tswvcuab ntawm Stetson cov neeg ncaj ncees sab hauv lub voj voog tau ua tsaug rau qhov kev kho mob uas lawv tau ntsib los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Ib tug ntawm nws thawj tus neeg mob yog Edwin F. Hatfield, ib tug qub railway executives thiab scion ntawm txawv Presbyterian clerics nyob rau hauv New York, uas tau "kho sai heev ntawm lub paj hlwb prostration, uas cov kws kho mob tsis tau txo." (Stetson 1913/1917:21). Hatfield tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj tau yuav luag nees nkaum xyoo. George F. DeLano, tus kws lij choj New York ua tau zoo, zoo siab heev tias nws tau “pom lub hauv paus ntawm kev kho mob uas tau coj kuv tus poj niam thiab kuv tus kheej los ntawm ib lub xeev uas muaj kev tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv zoo tag nrho” (Lub Koom Txoos Thawj, New York Trustees Minutes 1903). Ob leeg William Taylor ntawm Scranton, Pennsylvania, uas muaj ntau lub khw muag khoom thiab muaj kev lag luam loj, thiab nws tus poj niam tau raug kho los ntawm Stetson thiab yog nws cov neeg mob siab rau txij li xyoo 1895. "Ob leeg tau ua tsis raug cai. . . . Ob leeg zoo kawg nkaus tam sim no thiab tau tag nrho lub sijhawm no. Lawv tso siab rau txhua yam rau Txoj Cai, lawv cov menyuam, kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam” (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:108). Stetson tau coj mus rau hauv nws cov quav ntau tus neeg nplua nuj, nrog rau cov kev txwv ntau dua (Swensen 2008: 84; Swensen 2010: 12-14; Johnston 1907: 161).
Kev tuaj koom ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj skyrocketed, xav tau ntau lub quarters. Tom qab plaub xyoos ntawm kev npaj thiab txiav tsis muaj cov ces kaum nrog nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm nws cov tswv cuab hauv pawg ntseeg, Stetson tus $ 1,150,000 majestic Beaux Arts edifice ntawm Central Park West ntawm 96th Street, [Duab ntawm txoj cai] tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab architectural renowned ntawm Carrere thiab Hastings, tau ua tiav. lig xyoo 1903. Ua los ntawm New Hampshire granite (los ntawm Eddy lub xeev lub tsev) nrog nws cov steeple pom nyob rau hauv Central Park, tus qauv boasted walnut pews muaj peev xwm haum 2,200 pews, marble floors, thiab ib tug loj stained-iav qhov rais los ntawm kev ua koob tsheej. American artist John La Farge (saib Swensen 2008:84). Tsuas yog ua ntej qhib thiab muab siab rau, Stetson tau sau ntawv rau Eddy, “Thaum kawg peb npaj txhij los muab lub tsev teev ntuj uas peb txoj kev hlub thiab kev ris txiaj tau tsa ua khoom plig rau koj. Nws tsis tsim nyog rau kuv qhia koj tias qhov no txhais tau li cas rau kuv—koj paub txhua yam—qhov ntev thiab txaus ntshai, kev ntshai thiab cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv thiab tsis muaj, thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev khib thiab txhua yam kev phem” (Stetson 1913/1917: 170 ).
Muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog Stetson txoj kev puag ntawm kev nplua nuj, zam, thiab khoom siv. Annie Dodge, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj, qhia rau Eddy, “Txhua yam ntawm no zoo li frills thiab frothiness” (Dodge 1901). Ob peb lub hlis ua ntej nws lub tsev teev ntuj tiav, Eddy ceeb toom Stetson:
Koj lub tsev teev ntuj khoom yog lwm qhov txaus ntshai hauv koj txoj kev. Nws occupies ntau dhau ntawm koj saib nws savors ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm Efexaus, tus poj Diana. Au tig koj mus ib tug Vajtswv. . . . Kuv tau vam tias lub sijhawm los ntawm Readership yuav muab rau koj kev loj hlob zoo in zoo thiab qhov no yog qhov xav tau ntau dua li lwm yam hauv ntiaj teb (Eddy 1903, kos npe hauv thawj).
Tom qab Eddy tau hais txog peb lub xyoos rau pawg ntseeg nyeem hauv 1902, Stetson tau qeeb los lees txais qhov tshiab no. Lub tsev teev ntuj phau ntawv bylaw. Xyoo 1905, Eddy tau hais ntxiv tias, “Qhov uas kuv xav tau kev pab hauv kuv lub neej-ua haujlwm ntau dua li lwm yam hauv ntiaj teb yog—healer xws li kuv thaum xyaum. Kuv thov thiab thov kom koj ua qhov ntawd” (Eddy 1905).
Thaum xyoo 1908, kev tuaj koom tau zoo heev ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj uas muaj 200 txog 300 tus neeg sawv thaum sawv ntxov hnub Sunday. Xyoo ntawd cov ntseeg pawg ntseeg tau pov npav los yuav ntau ntau ntawm Riverside Drive los tsim ib lub tsev teev ntuj 8,000 lub rooj nyob ntawd (Peel 1977: 334), uas tau thuam Eddy txoj cai uas tsuas yog Lub Koom Txoos Niam hauv Boston thiaj muaj ceg ntseeg (Eddy 1936: 71). Annie Dodge ceeb toom Eddy tias Stetson thiab “nws 'dupes' yuav pib lub Koom Txoos . . . uas rau txhua qhov tshwm sim yuav yog ib ceg ntawm Niam lub Koom Txoos hauv Boston, tab sis hauv kev muaj tiag yuav tsuas yog ib ceg (lossis Annex) ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm no” (Dodge 1909, underline in original). Yog li, Stetson tau pom tias nyuaj Eddy thiab Niam Lub Koom Txoos, txawm hais tias Stetson ib txwm lees tias nws tau ua raws li Eddy.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1909, ntawm Eddy qhov kev thov, Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Niam (tsim los ntawm tsib tus neeg ua lag luam ua tau zoo) tau pib tshawb xyuas Stetson thiab nws cov thawj coj thiab cov koom haum. Cov nqi suav nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, uas nws tau sau npe tag nrho lwm pawg pawg ntseeg, yam tsawg kawg hauv New York City, ua txhaum cai, uas nws deified Eddy, thiab tias nws ua txhaum txoj cai. Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1909, tom qab Stetson thiab kaum rau ntawm nws cov kws kho mob tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm hauv Boston, Stetson raug tshem tawm los ntawm Niam Lub Koom Txoos. Plaub hnub tom qab ntawd nws tau tawm ntawm First Church, New York.
Tom qab nws raug tshem tawm, Stetson nquag ua haujlwm ntxiv, tuav nws txoj haujlwm ncaj ncees rau Eddy, thov tias Eddy tau xaiv nws los ua raws li kev ntseeg tiag tiag, thiab tiv thaiv nws tus kheej tsis muaj zog. Xyoo 1913, nws luam tawm Reminiscences, Sermons, and Correspondence Proving Adherence to the Principple of Christian Science as Qhia los ntawm Mary Baker Eddy, uas suav nrog nws phau ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, cov lus qhuab qhia, cov ntawv, thiab cov ntawv rau thiab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Raws li nws sau rau ib tug phooj ywg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo lub ntim tau luam tawm:
Kuv yuav tsum, raws li [sic] historian, muab rau lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim thaum sib cais los, ntawm tNws yog cov kws tshawb fawb Christian uas tsim lub koom haum cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb Christian siab heev uas tau nce mus rau kev txhais ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Christian Science, Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv nrog Cov Ntsiab Lus rau Vaj Lug Kub, thiab peb tus Thawj Coj uas hwm lwm cov ntawv sau (Stetson 1913/1917 :1176 ib.).
Stetson cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv xyoo tom ntej ntawm Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv Christian Science tau npaj los tawm tsam “txuas ntxiv tsis lees paub kuv txoj kev qhia los ntawm cov koom haum tsim khoom siv [Lub Koom Txoos Niam]” (Stetson 1914/1917:362). Qhov ntim no muaj Cov Niam Tsev Lub Koom Txoos raug foob rau nws thiab cov lus pov thawj ntawm Cov Thawj Coj lub rooj sib hais, nrog rau nws sim ua kom tsis lees paub txhua qhov kev iab liam. Xyoo 1923 nws luam tawm Cov Ntawv Sau thiab Excerpts los ntawm Cov Ntawv, 1889–1909, los ntawm Mary Baker Eddy . . . rau Augusta E. Stetson, uas tsuas muaj Eddy cov lus zoo thiab tshem tawm tag nrho Eddy txoj kev siv zog los ntuas thiab kho nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Xyoo tom ntej, Stetson luam tawm Cov lus qhuab qhia uas sab ntsuj plig txhais cov vaj lug kub thiab lwm cov ntawv sau ntawm Christian Science, “Qhov kawg ntawm Stetson's scrap-book type collections” (Paulson, Mathis, Bargmann 2021:200).
Ntawm Stetson kwv yees li ntawm 800 tus tub ntxhais kawm, kwv yees li ib nrab tseem nyob ruaj khov rau nws tom qab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau pawg ntseeg Christian Science txav tau raug txiav. Raws li Arnold Blome, Stetson tus tub kawm ntawv, tau sau ntawv rau nws, "Kuv paub tseeb tias koj paub, tab sis kuv tsis tau paub meej tias koj muaj kev ris txiaj, kev hlub, kev ua siab dawb rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas koj muaj txog thaum kuv pib sau cov chais" (Blome 1918). Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm reverently hu nws ua "Xib Fwb." Stetson tus tub kawm Amy R. Lewis hais tias, “Koj yog Pob Zeb nyob hauv Tuam Tsev Hlub” (Lewis 1923). Qee tus kws sau ntawv Christian Science, suav nrog Robert Peel, tau ua tsis tiav qhov kev mob siab rau Stetson cov tub ntxhais kawm xav rau nws. Xyoo 1920, thaum New York Thawj Lub Koom Txoos tau sim thiab ua tsis tiav rau kev sib txuas lus Stetson loyalists, kev tawm tsam yog cov xov xwm pem hauv ntej (New York Herald 1920: 1).
Ntxiv nrog rau nws ntau txoj kev ua tiav, Stetson yog tus kws sau paj huam thiab sau nkauj. Xyoo 1918 nws tau tsim muaj 300-tus tswv cuab New York Oratorio Society ntawm New York City Christian Science Institute, feem ntau suav nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, uas tau hu nkauj lees paub thiab ua haujlwm dawb ceev thiab nws cov nkauj, suav nrog General Anthems: Teeb Lub Teeb thiab Peb America: National Anthem. Raws li nws hais rau tus neeg xam phaj los ntawm Suab paj nruag America, “Tsuas yog cov uas ua tej hauj lwm ntawm zej zog hu nkauj raws li kev tshoov siab ntawm lub hom phiaj los saum ntuj los thiaj li ua tiav hauv cov neeg lub siab” (Stanley 1917:11). Thaum xyoo 1920, Stetson lub xov tooj cua, WHAP, tshaj tawm nativist thiab Ku Klux Klan nom tswv tawm tswv yim thiab concerts los ntawm Oratorio Society, qee zaum nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm New York Philharmonic Society. Stetson txoj kev cog lus rau oratorios sawv hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum Christian Science kev txav, txij li Eddy tau tshem tawm cov nkauj hu nkauj hauv xyoo 1898 ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Niam thiab ntawm ceg ntoo txog ob xyoos tom qab.
Txawm hais tias Stetson tau lees tias nws yuav nyob mus ib txhis, nws tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1928 hauv Rochester, New York thaum muaj hnub nyoog yim caum-rau. Xyoo 2004, nrog rau nws cov neeg tuaj koom ua ke, Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York tau muab tso tseg, muag nws lub tsev Beaux Arts rau $ 15,000,000, thiab koom nrog Lub Koom Txoos Thib Ob los tsim ib lub Koom Txoos Tshiab ntawm Tswv Yexus, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York.
Raws li Cunningham, "Stetson yeej tsis lees txais lub koom haum hloov pauv ntawm pawg ntseeg. Nws tsis kam tso tseg txoj kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 1994 thiab cov lus hais txog poj niam uas ua rau nws txoj kev nkag siab qub" (9: 1876). Rau yav tas los Niam lub Koom Txoos Tus Thawj Coj thiab Eddy biography John V. Dittemore (1937-1884), Stetson “tsis muaj nws tus thawj coj txoj kev loj hlob. Nws ib txwm nyob ntawm qhov pom ntawm 1932” (Bates thiab Dittemore 442: XNUMX). Stetson txoj kev ua tau zoo heev los txhim kho nws lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ua kom muaj kev hlub thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm ntau pua ntawm nws cov tub kawm yog qhov ua tiav tseem ceeb, tab sis nws tau hobbled los ntawm nws intractability, uas coj ncaj qha mus rau nws poob ntawm txhais tes ntawm tsib tug txiv neej Thawj Coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Niam. .
KEV QHIA TXOG / DOCTRINES
Stetson sau hais tias, “Kuv zoo li ib tug lej uas sawv ua ntej lub blackboard ua cov lej xaus. Cov neeg tuaj saib yog lub ntiaj teb, tsuas yog xav txog kev daws teeb meem xwb” (1914: 646). Txij li thaum Stetson tuaj txog hauv New York City xyoo 1886, nws tau qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm txog Christian Science. Tom qab tsim lub koom haum New York Christian Science hauv 1891, nws tau teeb tsa nws txoj kev qhia ntau dua thiab, txog thaum Eddy txwv tsis pub, sim qhia cov chav kawm hauv lwm lub nroog. Ua raws li Eddy's Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia, thawj zaug luam tawm xyoo 1895, Stetson tau qhia ib chav kawm txog peb caug-peb tus tub ntxhais kawm txhua xyoo, hu ua "Class Instruction." (Nyob rau xyoo 1899, Eddy tau txo cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv ib xyoos ib zaug mus rau peb caug.) Ntawm no yog Stetson tus tub ntxhais kawm uas mob siab rau Stella Hadden Alexander tau piav qhia txog nws chav kawm xyoo 1901:
Nws yog ib chav kawm zoo heev, 13 tus txiv neej, tag nrho cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab, cov neeg kawm ntawv lossis cov txiv neej ua lag luam, ntau tus neeg xav tob tob, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev sib tham hauv chav kawm, lawv cov lus teb rau Mrs. Stetson cov lus nug, thiab lawv cov lus nug rau nws (Alexander 1923 —1939, 1:102).
Alexander zoo siab rau nws niam tias nws tau pom "kev pom tshiab thiab zoo nkauj ntawm lub neej" (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:96). Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd nws sau ntawv rau nws niam nws txiv tias, “Auj! Christian Science zoo npaum li cas! Nws koom tib neeg li cas! Lub koom txoos zoo li ib tsev neeg zoo” (Alexander 1923–1939, 1:104). Sau ntawv tsis ntev tom qab Stetson dhau los, Lutheran tus txiv plig thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm Altman K. Swihart tau tshaj tawm tias “Mrs. Stetson cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muab siab npuab nws tuav nws txoj kev hlub, kev hwm” (Swihart 1931:70).
Raws li Stetson tau thov, "Hauv kuv qhov kev qhia thiab kev coj ua kuv ua raws li phau ntawv ntawm Christian Science [Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv], ib yam li kuv tau ua tau nees nkaum tsib xyoos” (Stetson 1913/1917:643). Xyoo 1909, Stetson sau ntawv rau Eddy,
Kuv tau qhia kuv cov tub ntxhais kawm kom saib ncaj nraim thiab dhau ntawm tus nab tsis tseeb ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis tseeb, thiab saib lub tswv yim tsis txawj tuag, tus txiv neej, qhov uas lub ntiaj teb zoo li yog. Cov tsiaj txhu tsis zoo tseem muaj nyob hauv nws txoj kev siv zog, los ntawm nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus cwj pwm feem ntau, kom tua lub tswv yim ntawm sab ntsuj plig, Christian Science, uas koj tau yug (Stetson 1913/1917: 227).
Stetson txoj kev qhia ntawm obstetrics yog txawv, thiab nyob rau hauv tej txoj kev, protofeminist, tab sis nws strayed dhau Eddy tus ciam teb. Eddy sau hais tias, “Yuav kom mus koom kev yug me nyuam kom zoo, lossis lub tswv yim los saum ntuj los,” Eddy sau hais tias, “Koj yuav tsum tshem tawm kev xav ntawm nws cov khoom siv, tias kev yug me nyuam yuav zoo thiab nyab xeeb” (Eddy 1934: 463). Cov ntawv ntaus ntawv ntawm Stetson zaj lus qhia "Obstetrics" muaj cov ntawv sau hauv chav kawm los ntawm tus tub kawm ntawv. Stetson hais tias, “Muaj ib leej niam [Vajtswv],” thiab Nws txoj cai yog tib txoj cai ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, kev thaj yeeb, kev dawb huv, kev tsis txawj tuag” (Stetson nd:2). Hais lus metaphysically, nws tsis kam lees lub neej ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam genitalia, tswj kom tsis muaj kev sib deev, fertilized qe, haiv neeg, poj niam txiv neej, los yog kev sib deev (Stetson nd: 12). Raws li Stetson tau qhia, “Tsis muaj teeb meem—tsis muaj txiv neej lossis poj niam—tsis muaj kev xav-tsis muaj kev loj hlob hauv plab—tsis muaj txiv neej lossis poj niam tus me nyuam—tsis muaj menyuam yuav ploj—tsis muaj kev ntseeg tus menyuam” (Stetson nd:12; saib kuj Bates thiab Dittemore 1932: 365).
Rau Stetson, Eddy yog tus poj niam Tswv Yexus los yog "Messiah," tus cwj pwm uas Eddy pheej tsis lees paub. “Tiam sis tus hlub,” Eddy ceeb toom, “koj ua rau raug mob thiab tsis mloog kuv lus thaum xav tias kuv yog Khetos lossis hais li no” (Eddy 1900b; Thomas 1994: 274). Stetson cov tub ntxhais kawm, xws li Arnold Blome, txuas ntxiv hais tias Yexus tau hais txog "peb ntawm Vajtswv," thaum Eddy sawv cev rau "niam ntawm Vajtswv" (Blome 1918). Ib xyoos ua ntej nws dhau mus, Stetson rov hais dua tias, “Rau kuv Mrs. Eddy yog Vajtswv niam vim Yexus yog leej txiv. Vajtswv yog leej txiv thiab leej niam” (New York Times 1927: 10).
Rituals / kev xyaum
Christian Science txav tau tsim kho. Ib tus kws kho mob tau zoo heev, qhov no ntawm Stetson txoj haujlwm tau nce ntxiv los ntawm nws txoj kev mob siab rau nws pawg ntseeg thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho mob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj New York City. Cov dej num kho mob tau hais nyob rau hauv ib daim qauv ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob extemporaneous rau nws lub tsev teev ntuj hnub Thanksgiving 1908 uas nws xa mus rau Eddy. Thaum lub sijhawm hais lus no, Stetson tau hais txog “cov kws kho mob [hauv nws lub tsev teev ntuj] uas kho cov neeg mob thiab tsa cov neeg txhaum, thiab cov tswvcuab hauv pawg ntseeg uas nws cov sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev hlub” (Stetson 1913/1917:156). Ntau tshaj 45,000 tus neeg hauv ib xyoos tau mus xyuas Chav Kawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb uas nyob hauv First Church, New York lub tsev; ntawm 4,523 tus neeg mob tau kho los ntawm nees nkaum tsib tus kws kho mob hauv lub luag haujlwm, ntau dua 3,000 tau “kho los yog tau txais txiaj ntsig mus tas li” (Strickler 1909: 257; First Church, New York 1909b).
Txawm tias nws nyiam lwm yam, Stetson txuas ntxiv ua tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. "Kuv tau tsiv mus sau koj," nws tau tshaj tawm hauv tsab ntawv rau Eddy hauv xyoo 1904, "hais txog qhov xwm txheej uas kuv tau raug hu tsis ntev los no, uas, ob xyoos, tau kuaj pom los ntawm kaum peb tus kws kho mob, thiab kho mob qog noj ntshav. ” Stetson hais txog:
Kev kho mob tau mus ntxiv, thiab mob qog noj ntshav tau dhau mus zuj zus ib hnub dhau ib hnub tsis mob thiab tsis muaj kev ywj pheej zoo li yog tshem tawm los ntawm tus kws phais riam, txog thaum ob lub lis piam tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm tus kab mob tshwj tsis yog cov teebmeem tom qab” (Stetson 1913/1917:173 ).
Muaj ob lossis peb qhov rov ua dua tshiab (tus neeg mob raug liam tias ib zaug "pulseless" rau kaum rau teev), tab sis Stetson tau lees tias qhov kev kho tau tiav (Stetson 1913/1917: 175).
Stetson txhawb kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, suav nrog kev hais lus thiab kev ua yeeb yam, uas tau tso tseg los ntawm lwm tus kws qhia ntawv Christian Science. Stetson qhia Eddy tias nws tsis muaj sij hawm los mus koom cov xwm txheej kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis nws lub tsev teev ntuj yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm kev ua ub no, uas tau txo qis thaum Eddy feem ntau txwv cov ceg pawg ntseeg los ntawm nws txoj kev hloov zuj zus. Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia. Cov kev txwv no suav nrog kev tshem tawm 25 tus kws kho mob uas muaj chaw ua haujlwm me nyob rau pem teb sab saud ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj (Eddy 1936: 74). Qhov kwv yees li ntawm 75 taw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm First Church, New York ntawm Mary Baker Eddy Library hauv Boston qhia txog ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib raug zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog Stetson thiab nws pawg ntseeg. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem muab cov pawg ntseeg niaj hnub no tsawg kawg ob peb lub tswv yim hais txog yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua tiav lawv lub tsev teev ntuj khoob (saib Baxter 2004: 110).
Hnub Sunday cov kev pabcuam thiab cov rooj sib tham tim khawv rau hnub Wednesday ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj tau txav mus los thiab ua tau zoo heev. [Duab ntawm sab xis] Xyoo 1906, nws tau sau ntawv rau Eddy:
Ntau npaum li cas thaum lub koom txoos cov kev pab cuam kuv xav kom koj pom lub koom txoos loj, thiab hnov cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg, kev cawmdim zoo los ntawm kev txhaum, kev mob, kev tu siab, thiab kev tuag, thiab lawv txaus siab rau koj tej hauj lwm zoo, thiab ntawm koj phau ntawv, Science thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv; thiab tuaj yeem hnov koj cov lus hauv koj zaj nkauj hu los ntawm ntau pua lub suab, uas ua rau lub dome siab mus txog thaum lub suab paj nruag zoo li sib xyaw nrog lub suab paj nruag uas pom tsis tau pom thiab lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej nyob mus ib txhis swells nws diapason hauv Te Deums qhuas Vajtswv rau koj txoj hauj lwm qhuab qhia. rau noob neej (Stetson 1913/1917:181).
Mary Pinney, tus tub ntxhais kawm Stetson uas tau txib 66-qib, plaub phau ntawv Hutchings-Votey lub cev, tej zaum tsuas yog tus poj niam cev xeeb tub ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj loj hauv New York City. Lub koom txoos yuav nce siab thaum Stetson nkag mus hauv lub chaw dawb huv, ib qho kev coj ua uas tawm tsam Eddy qhov kev thuam ntawm "tus kheej."
Txij li Stetson tau thov tias nws pawg ntseeg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv New York City, nws tau tuav nws tawm ntawm lwm lub koom txoos Christian Science ceg hauv nroog, txawm tias tsis kam koom nrog hauv chav sib koom ua ke Christian Science Reading Room. Raws li Stetson, "cov koom txoos ceg uas muaj qhov zoo dua li kev sib koom siab thiab kev hlub tsis tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog kev ntseeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig raws li cov koom txoos Christian Science raug cai." Qhov ntawd yog, Stetson tau saib tag nrho lwm pawg ntseeg hauv New York City li "schismatic" (Stetson 1914/1917: 307).
coj noj coj ua
Raws li Swihart, Stetson nrhiav kev ua txhaum ntawm tus kheej los ntawm nws cov thwjtim, thaum Eddy xav tau kev mloog lus los ntawm nws. Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia. Ua ke nrog Eddy, Stetson tau xaiv cov txiv neej ncaj ncees los khiav nws lub koom txoos, uas "ua qhov zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev sib txuas rau tus thawj tswj hwm uas tswj hwm tag nrho nws cov dej num" (Swihart 1931: 57). Stetson txoj kev tswj hwm ntawm nws pawg ntseeg exasperated Eddy. Muaj ntau txoj cai hauv Eddy txoj kev hloov zuj zus Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia, suav nrog nws qhov kev txiav txim siab tshem tawm cov xibhwb thiab tsim cov neeg nyeem nteg, tau coj ib feem ntawm Stetson. Hauv ib lub koom txoos Christian Science, ob tug Neeg Nyeem Ntawv hloov mus nyeem nqe Vajlugkub thiab Science Health, cov ntawv no raug xaiv cov xibhwb ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Kws tshawb fawb hauv lub Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia (saib Peel 1977:32–33; Gottschalk 2006:226–228). Eddy tom qab txwv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cov Neeg Nyeem Ntawv rau peb xyoos, lwm qhov kev txav mus los ntawm kev txo qis Stetson txoj cai hauv nws pawg ntseeg. Txawm hais tias cov kev nruj no, Stetson rov hais dua txog kev sib raug zoo tshwj xeeb nrog Eddy, ua rau yav tom ntej sau ntawv rau nws, "Tsis txhob lees tias koj yog tus uas kuv xaiv rau koj tsis yog" (Eddy 1893b). Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Stetson tom qab ntawd tau sau ntawv rau Eddy, "Koj thiab kuv zoo li tau tuav mus rau lub ntiaj teb ua ke tab sis txhua qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tsis cais peb" (Stetson 1897).
Ib phau ntawv xov xwm niaj hnub no qhia Stetson tias muaj "lub zog cia tsis tau" (Johnston 1907: 159). Cov txheej txheem Stetson ua haujlwm, txawm li cas los xij, ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntawm Eddy cov neeg nyob hauv Stetson's New York City pab pawg. Eddy sau ntawv rau Stetson tias "Kuv tau coj Mrs. Lathrop los ntawm koj lub tsev teev ntuj los cawm nws ntawm kev tsim txom," “Koj yuav tsis cia nws hais lus hauv koj lub rooj sib tham thiab tsis tso cai rau koj cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj koom nws vim raug nplua ntawm koj lub tsev teev ntuj” (Eddy 1895). Raws li Eddy tau sau yav dhau los rau nws tus tub saws, "Lub kev nkag siab yuam kev nqa tawm ntawm Mrs. Stetson thiab kuv yog ib qho cim tseeb ntawm . . . tus muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tag nrho peb qhov kev cia siab” (Eddy 1893a, kos hauv qab hauv thawj). Sim ua kom nws lub taub hau tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm, Eddy tau ua siab ntev, feem ntau hu nws "tus hlub" hauv ntawv thiab pheej hais kom nws yuav cov kaus mom thiab hnav khaub ncaws rau nws hauv New York City (Peel 1971: 177; Peel 1977: 331; Gottschalk 2006: 368–71).
Stetson lub hwj chim hauv Christian Science txav mus deb dhau New York City. Peb ceg ntseeg yog cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York City los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Stetson thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm: Albany, New York; Wilmington, North Carolina; thiab Cranford, New Jersey (Strickler 1909: 208). Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm kuj tseem muaj zog heev hauv qhov chaw xws li Atlanta, Georgia; Butte, Montana; thiab, mus txog rau xyoo 1898, Portland, Oregon. Txawm hais tias Eddy tau rov tsis lees paub, Stetson ntseeg tias nws yuav ua tiav Eddy ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg ntseeg (Peel 1977: 332; Gottschalk 2006: 371).
TEEB MEEM / CHALLENGES
Eddy ib zaug tau soj ntsuam rau Stetson, “Koj ib txwm yog cov tub ntxhais kawm teeb meem tshaj plaws uas kuv hu ua ncaj ncees. . ” (Eddy 1897a). Stetson qhov kev liam tias kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm nws lub koom txoos ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm nws lub voj voog ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze thiab tus pab xibhwb qub Carol Norton hauv xyoo 1897. Eddy ceeb toom Stetson tias, yog tias nws tsis tso tseg nws "kev xav npau taws," qhov "lub tshuab yuav nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg. thiab 'lub pob zeb uas koj tsis lees yuav yuav zom koj ua hmoov'” (Eddy 1897b). Thaum lub sij hawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj imposing lub tsev teev ntuj qhib nyob rau hauv 1903, ib tug neeg tsis txaus siab hais tias, "Ntawm no koj tau ntsib los ntawm ib hom kev puas siab puas ntsws Mafia thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws assassination" (New York Times 1903: 5). Social historian Robert David Thomas sau Stetson qhov "kev sib cais" (Thomas 1994: 268), thaum Gill piav qhia Stetson yog "tus kws kho mob nyuaj" (Gill 1998: 537). Cov neeg uas tawm tsam Stetson qhov kev xav tau thiab nthuav tawm "kev tsis txaus siab" tus cwj pwm raug cuam tshuam los yog raug tshem tawm ntawm nws lub tsev teev ntuj, suav nrog rau yav tom ntej Tus Nyeem Ntawv Niam Tsev, William D. McCrackan (1864–1923), uas tau tawg nrog Stetson hauv 1906 (Swensen 2010: 7).
Tom qab cov lus ceeb toom ntawm pawg ntseeg uas tau npaj tseg ntawm Riverside Drive tau tshwm sim hauv xov xwm thaum ntxov Lub Xya Hli 1909, Stetson tau xa mus rau Eddy ib tsab ntawv sib xyaw, suav nrog cov lus luv luv, qhuas txog nws los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Hauv tsab ntawv no, Arnold Blome tau hais rau Stetson, “Koj lub neej zoo tag nrho, [yog] nrawm nrawm rau lub tswv yim ntawm Kev Hlub,” thaum Kate Y. Remer tau qhuas tias, “Koj tau coj peb rov qab los rau hauv lub vaj Edees tiag tiag” (Stetson 1909 :2). Cuam tshuam los ntawm tsab ntawv sib xyaw, Eddy tau hais kom Niam Tsev Thawj Coj pib tshawb xyuas Stetson, hu nws mus rau Boston nug, thiab hem kom raug ntiab tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg yog tias nws tsis tau tso tseg ntawm nws qhov kev xav thiab kev coj ua (Peel 1977: 336–43 ; Gottschalk 2006:371–79; Bates thiab Dittemore 1932:432–33). Txawm hais tias Eddy sim ua laj thawj nrog Stetson, nws nug Archibald McLellan, editor ntawm Christian Science periodicals thiab tus thawj coj, los sau ib "cov lus qhia meej meej ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Niam txoj kev cem ntawm Augusta E. Stetson cov khoom luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Christian Science" ( Eddy 1909a).
Virgil O. Strickler (1863-1921), Thawj Nyeem Ntawv ntawm Stetson lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ib tug qub Omaha kws lij choj thiab Populist Party tus thawj coj, khaws cia ib daim ntawv teev npe tom qab Stetson tau caw nws mus rau nws ob-teev cov rooj sib tham txhua hnub nrog nws lub voj voog ntawm cov kws kho mob thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1909. rau Strickler, Stetson tau thov tias lwm lub tsev teev ntuj New York City Christian Science tsis raug cai, tias "cov koom haum no yuav tsum tuag" (Strickler 1909: 54), thiab ceeb toom tias Laura Lathrop (1845-1922) yuav tsum tsis txhob tawm tsam nws. “Yog tias koj [Lathrop] tsis raug koj yuav tsum tawm mus, thiab qhov nrawm dua koj tawm mus zoo dua, thiab qhov ntau koj raug kev txom nyem zoo dua " (Strickler 1909: 187, hauv qab hauv thawj). Stetson tau hem tias "Yog tias Archibald Mcclelland [sic] tsis saib nws yuav mus rau hauv av” (Strickler 1909:189), thiab tshaj tawm hais tias, txij li thaum “Lub Koom Txoos Niam nyob hauv dab ntxwg nyoog txhais tes,” nws yuav tsum qhuav thiab tuag (Strickler 1909: 208). -09). Tom qab Stetson rov qab los ntawm kev sib ntsib nrog Cov Thawj Coj, Strickler tau piav qhia nws tias "yuav luag hysterical," thov tias "tsis yog nws uas coj lawv [Cov Thawj Coj / Lathrop] nce; tias nws yog tib neeg uas hais tej yam no thiab hais tias tib neeg tsis yog nws tus kheej tiag tiag” (Strickler 1909: 277). Stetson tau lees tias nws tus kheej zoo tag nrho, raws li Vajtswv tus yam ntxwv (saib Chiv Keeb 1:27), tsis tau hais tej kev hem thawj ntawd. Tsis paub txog cov lus no, thaum Lub Yim Hli Ntuj Eddy tau qhia cov Thawj Coj kom cia Thawj Lub Koom Txoos, New York daws qhov teeb meem ntawm Stetson txoj kev coj noj coj ua hauv pawg ntseeg, raws li txoj cai. Lub Koom Txoos Phau Ntawv Qhia.
Thaum Strickler nthuav tawm nws phau ntawv teev npe rau Niam Lub Koom Txoos Cov Thawj Coj thaum Lub Yim Hli 30, 1909, lawv tau “zoo siab heev thiab hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg uas thaum kawg Mrs. Eddy thiab lawv tus kheej yuav tsum muaj qhov tseeb txog qhov zais tsis meej ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm New York City” (Strickler 1909: 306). Thaum Cov Thawj Coj tau tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Strickler phau ntawv teev npe rau Eddy, nws hais kom lawv cuam tshuam nrog Stetson "kev coj tsis ncaj" (Eddy 1909c). Tam sim no ua rau nws npau taws heev nrog Stetson, Eddy ceeb toom nws tias nws yog "tsaus nti hauv koj txoj kev xav txog kuv thiab kuv txoj kev xav" (Eddy 1909b). Thaum cov thawj coj nug txog kaum rau ntawm Stetson cov kws kho mob, nws tau tshaj tawm tias Stetson thiab qee tus ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau dag raws li kev cog lus kom ntseeg tau tias Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York City tau txais $ 60,000 nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas muaj kev sib tw ntawm Helen C. . Txhuam hauv 1901 (Gill 1998: 513). Yuav luag tag nrho kaum rau tus kws kho mob tseem ua siab ncaj rau Stetson thiab ua raws nws tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb. Raws li Eddy tau sau rau Cov Thawj Coj, “yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua tau yam nyab xeeb, tso Mrs. Stetson txoj kev txuas nrog Niam Tsev. Cia tsis muaj leej twg paub qhov kuv tau sau rau koj txog qhov no” (Eddy 1909d).
Txawm li cas los xij Stetson, uas nyob hauv ib lub tsev uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj uas nws tau ua, [Duab ntawm sab xis] tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv nws lub koom txoos. Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntxhov siab ntawm First Church, New York City thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 4, 1909, ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm muaj tshaj 1,000 nplooj ntawv, sau los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Stetson lub voj voog sab hauv thiab suav nrog kev xam phaj nrog ntau tus tswv cuab hauv pawg ntseeg, pom tias nws tsis muaj txim txhaum ntawm tag nrho cov nqi (saib Thawj Lub Koom Txoos , New York, NY 1909a). Raws li Strickler tau sau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub rooj sib tham, "Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Rau rau XNUMX teev tib neeg tau qw thiab qw thiab lwm yam coj lawv tus kheej zoo li ntau cov neeg qus qus [sic]” (Strickler 1909: 327). Eddy rau txim rau qhov “kev ntxeev siab tsis zoo nyob hauv Stetson lub Koom Txoos. . . . Mrs. Stetson. . . yuav tsaug zog rau lub thunderstorm ntawm Sinai. . ” (Eddy 1909e). Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1909, tom qab rau 1910 teev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los ntawm Cov Thawj Coj tau kis mus rau peb hnub, Stetson tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Niam. Plaub hnub tom qab ntawd nws tau tawm haujlwm los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg ntseeg nws tau tsim thiab coj mus rau nees nkaum peb xyoos. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1932 ntawm lub rooj sib tham tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos, New York, tau hais los ntawm Eddy, cov tswv cuab tau txiav txim siab tua Stetson cov tub ceev xwm (Bates thiab Dittemore 439: 42-1928). Stetson tseem nyob hauv nws lub tsev hauv nroog thiab tsis tu ncua nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm ncaj ncees mus txog thaum nws tuag hauv XNUMX.
TSEEM CEEB RAU TXOJ HAUJ LWM NTAWM POJ NIAM HAUV TXHEEJ XEEB
Augusta E. Stetson yog ib tug ntawm Mary Baker Eddy's "Cov poj niam tshiab muaj zog" uas tau qhia txog Christian Science thiab nws txoj moo zoo ntawm kev kho mob rau pej xeem, tab sis nws tau dhau los ua qhov cuam tshuam rau Eddy txoj kev npaj kom tshem tawm "'tus kheej' thiab tso nws txoj kev txav mus rau hauv cov txiv neej ua tau zoo uas tau txais kev coj noj coj ua ntawm yawg koob" (Swensen 2008: 75, 76). [Duab ntawm txoj cai] Txij li thaum Stetson feem ntau hais tias nws ua siab tawv thiab yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv nws lub tsev teev ntuj tas li, Eddy ib zaug tau hais tias, “Koj ua siab tawv tab sis koj yog ib tug poj niam ntawm cov txiv neej. . ” (Eddy 1900a). Ntawd yog, Eddy tau txhawj xeeb tias Stetson tsis zoo li xav paub lossis saib xyuas tias nws tau ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv kev coj noj coj ua yawg suab thiab qhov kev tawm tsam tau nce tawm tsam nws los ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam. Eddy tau paub zoo txog kev tawm tsam kev sib raug zoo uas nws thiab Christian Science ntsib (Peel 1977: 194–97, 200–02, 229–33; Gottschalk 2006: 17–20, 46-47, 260–82; Bates thiab Dittemore 1932: 372, 378, 384, 403–18). Txawm tias New York Times hu ua Eddy li "Tus Pov Thawj Hlob" ntawm "kev coj noj coj ua" thiab hais tias "Christian Science type" yog "tus poj niam tsis muaj zog" thiab "tus poj niam imperious" (New York Times 1904, quoted in Swensen 2008: 83)
Txawm li cas los xij Stetson tseem tsis lees paub kev tswj hwm yawg suab. Nws hais tias, "Txog los ntawm txoj kab ntawm kev xav," nws hais tias, "cov poj niam tau teb rau qhov kev txhais lus los saum ntuj los thiab tab tom thov kom muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm tib neeg txoj cai thiab kev ua cev qhev hauv hlwb" (Stetson 1913/1917: 715). Raws li nws tau sau rau hauv tsab ntawv rau cov xovxwm:
Zaj dab neeg raws li Lukas tau hais qhia tias Yexus tau pom rau cov poj niam, tab sis qhov ntawd, txawm hais tias Petus thiab lwm tus txiv neej tau mus rau lub qhov ntxa, thiab pom tias cov khoom siv ntawm lawv tus Xib Hwb tsis nyob ntawd, lawv tsis paub tus txiv neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig—“ Lawv tsis pom nws” (Stetson 1913/1917:955).
Stetson tau hais meej ntxiv txog cov poj niam hauv vaj lug kub: “Nws yog tus poj niam hauv Tshwm Sim uas yuav tsum hnav lub teeb los txhais Vajtswv Txojlus” (Stetson 1913/1917:87). Ntawm no Stetson tau tsis lees paub tias Eddy yog tus “pojniam hnav lub hnub” (Tshwmsim 12:1–2). Nws tsis yog ib leeg hauv kev lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm Eddy (Thomas 1994: 271-273).
Cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev ntseeg Susan Hill Lindley tau sau tias “txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm sib tw [rau Eddy] uas tau sawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws tus thwjtim, Augusta Stetson, raug txiav tawm tsis zoo” (Lindley 1996: 270). Lindley yog qhov tseeb tias Eddy pom nws tus kheej tsuas yog "Tus Thawj Coj" ntawm nws txoj kev txav mus los, tab sis ob qho tib si Stetson thiab Niam Lub Koom Txoos Cov Thawj Coj tau ua qhov hnyav. Raws li Niam Lub Koom Txoos tus cev lus Alfred A. Farlow (1860-1919), Stetson qhov kev tshem tawm yog ib qho “kev qhuab ntuas” (Farlow, 1909, quoted in Swensen 2020:39). Lwm tus poj niam muaj zog kuj raug muab pov tseg rau lub sijhawm no. Dittemore hais rau Strickler tias Pawg Thawj Coj tau tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no "lub tsev teev ntuj loj uas ib tug poj niam mus rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim zoo li Mrs. Stetson nyob hauv First Church [New York]." Cov Thawj Coj tau tsim nws txoj kev tshem tawm "hauv qhov chaw ntawm 48 teev" (Strickler 1909: 245). Txij li thaum Eddy "saib rau [kev tshaj lij] cov txiv neej ua rau pej xeem lub ntsej muag ntawm Christian Science" thiab vam khom rau cov poj niam uas ua haujlwm rau tus kheej kom "tsim kev txav los ntawm hauv av" (Gottschalk 2006: 185), Stetson qhov muaj siab loj thiab nws txoj kev siv zog polarizing tsim muaj kev hem thawj loj rau lub tswv yim ntawd.
Stetson qhov kev ntiab tawm tau cim qhov pib ntawm Niam Lub Koom Txoos Cov Thawj Coj txoj kev sib tw kom ua tiav cov koom haum-style centralization, conformity, thiab kev sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Scientist denomination, ib tug txheej txheem uas muaj xws li txiv neej thiab poj niam. Cov txheej txheem no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab Eddy txoj kev tuag lig rau xyoo 1910. Los ntawm 1912, Farlow, uas tau ntau xyoo los ua tus thawj tswj hwm muaj hwj chim thiab ywj pheej ntawm Pawg Neeg Tshaj Tawm rau Lub Koom Txoos Niam, pom nws tus kheej “tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam li nws yog” ( Hendrick 1912: 482). Nws tau mob, tau tawm mus ntev, thiab tau tawm haujlwm hauv 1914 (New York Tribune 1914: 1). (Nyob rau xyoo 1900 Eddy tau tsim lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshaj Tawm - ob qho tib si rau California - los ua tus saib xyuas los tiv thaiv kev txav los ntawm cov kws lis haujlwm, kev kho mob, thiab kev tsim cai lij choj.) Xyoo 1922, Cov Thawj Coj tau sib sau ua ke lawv txoj cai ntxiv thaum lawv tshem tawm peb tus neeg sab nraud. txiv neej Trustees ntawm Christian Science Publishing Society tom qab ib tug protracted thiab iab kev sib foob nyob rau hauv 1919–1921, hu ua "Great Litigation" (Swensen 2020: 40–46). Xyoo 1919, Cov Thawj Coj tau raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm Dittemore thiab hloov nws nrog Eddy tub ntxhais kawm. Annie M. Knott (1850–1941), thawj tus poj niam ua hauj lwm hauv Pawg Thawj Coj. Thaum pib qhov kev txiav txim plaub ntug, Stetson tau sau tseg tias, “Tam sim no muaj lwm qhov kev sim hauv Boston. Peb pom tseeb cov lus hauv Ntawv Nkauj 7:15” (hais hauv Cunningham 1994: 198). Nqe no nyeem "Nws ua ib lub qhov, thiab khawb nws, thiab poob rau hauv lub kwj deg uas nws ua" (KJV). Yog li ntawd, lub jettisoning ntawm Stetson yog ib feem ntawm ib tug loj restructuring ntawm lub Christian Science zog (Swensen 2020:49).
Tus kws tshaj lij, tus tsim lub tsev teev ntuj Beaux Arts lub tsev teev ntuj hauv New York City, tus kws kho mob zoo, tus hais lus muaj txiaj ntsig, kws sau paj huam, thiab tus kws sau nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig, yog ib lub sijhawm, tus qauv ntawm tus poj niam ua tau zoo ntawm kev ntseeg. Kev hlub los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, txawm li cas los xij nws tau poob ntawm txoj kev thaum nws tus cwj pwm lees paub hem lub koom haum tsis sib haum xeeb hauv pawg ntseeg uas Eddy thiab nws tus txiv neej Thawj Coj tau tsim. Stetson ntau qhov kev ua tiav tau caw mus kawm ntxiv, thiab ib qho chaw hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov thawj coj kev ntseeg.
DLAWS
Image #1: Augusta E. Stetson (1842-1928). Muab los ntawm Library of Congress, #94508910.
Image # 2: Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York City, Central Park West thiab 96th Street. Carrere & Hastings, Architects. Duab Architectural Record, Lub Ib Hlis 1904. Copyright tas sij hawm.
Duab #3: Sab hauv ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York City, Central Park West thiab 96th Street. Carrere & Hastings, Architects. Kho kom zoo nkauj los ntawm Charles H. Carttell. Duab Architectural Record, Lub Ib Hlis 1904. Copyright tas sij hawm.
Image #4: Chaw Nyob ntawm Augusta E. Stetson, New York City. Sab nraub qaum ntawm lub tsev ntawm Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, New York City yog duab rau sab xis. Hunt & Hunt, Architects. Copyright tas sij hawm.
Duab #5: Portrait ntawm Augusta E. Stetson nyob rau hauv 1908 hnav ib tus pin uas muaj ib tug portrait ntawm Mary Baker Eddy encircled nrog pob zeb diamond thiab teem kub, uas Eddy muab rau Stetson nyob rau hauv 1898. Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm tus pin yog engraved, "Niam Ib., 1898. Library of Congress. Saib Longyear Museum, https://www.longyear.org/learn/research-archive/a-miniature-portrait-of-mary-baker-eddy-finds-its-way-to-longyear-museum/.
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Acknowledgements
Tus sau xav ua tsaug rau Mary Baker Eddy Library; Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary; thiab Huntington Library. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Mary Baker Eddy Library ntawm Niam Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj, Thawj Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, Boston, Massachusetts, ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas qhov profile kom raug ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Niam Lub Koom Txoos tau ua siab zoo pab kuv txog kev tso cai. Cov tswv yim hais los ntawm tus sau hauv txoj haujlwm no tsuas yog nws tus kheej nkaus xwb thiab tsis pom zoo los ntawm Mary Baker Eddy Library lossis Mary Baker Eddy Collection.
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