PTL TAM SIM NO
1940 (Lub Ib Hlis 2): Jim Bakker yug hauv Muskegon, Michigan.
1961 (Lub Plaub Hlis 1): Jim Bakker thiab Tammy Faye LaValley sib yuav hauv Minneapolis.
1965 (September): Lub Jim thiab Tammy Show premiered ntawm Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN)
1966 (November): The 700 Club debuted ntawm CBN.
1972 (Kaum Ib Hlis): Bakker tsim Trinity Broadcasting Systems (TBS) nyob rau yav qab teb California.
1973 (Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav): Lub PTL Club premiered ntawm TBS.
1974: Jim thiab Tammy Bakker tsiv mus rau Charlotte, North Carolina.
1978 (Lub Ib Hlis 2): Bakker tsoo hauv av rau Heritage USA.
1979 (Lub Peb Hlis): FCC pib tshawb xyuas PTL kev siv nyiaj.
1978: Bakker launched PTL satellite network.
1980 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6): Jim Bakker muaj kev sib deev nrog Jessica Hahn, nees nkaum-ib xyoos tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Long Island, New York.
1982 (Plaub Hlis 26): PTL tau qhib nws thawj Lub Chaw Pabcuam Tib Neeg Txoj Kev Hlub ntawm Heritage USA.
1983: Bakker tshaj tawm qhov kev pib ntawm "kev koom tes hauv lub neej."
1983 (Lub Ib Hlis): Lub Chaw Kawm Tag Nrho tau qhib.
1983 (Lub Rau Hli): PTL qhib lub Heritage Inn, cuaj caum-rau chav tsev so.
1983 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 7): PTL tsoo hauv av rau $ 25,000,000 504-chav Heritage Grand Hotel.
1984 (Lub Ob Hlis): Bakker pib txhawb kev sib koom ua neej nyob rau saum huab cua.
1984 (Cuaj Hlis): Bakker tshaj tawm lwm qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub neej. Lub sij hawm no cov kev koom tes yog rau nees nkaum-ib-zaj dab neeg, 500-chav cuab yeej cuab tam Ground Towers.
1984 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 22): Heritage Grand qhib, rau lub hlis tom qab lub sijhawm.
1985 (Lub Ob Hlis 19): Bakker tshaj tawm Silver lifetime kev koom tes.
1985 (September 4): Bakker tshaj tawm txoj kev koom tes hauv lub neej tshiab, nyiaj 7,000.
Lub Xya Hli 1986: PTL tau mob siab rau Heritage Island Water Park, Fort Hope, thiab Kevin Lub Tsev.
1986: 6,000,000 tus neeg tuaj xyuas Heritage USA, ua rau nws yog qhov thib peb nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas tom qab Disneyland thiab Disney World.
1987 (Lub Ib Hlis 2): Bakker tsoo hauv av rau Crystal Palace Ministry Center.
1987 (Lub Peb Hlis 19): Bakker tau tawm ntawm PTL tom qab nws lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1980 kev sib deev nrog Jessica Hahn tau los ua pej xeem.
1987 (Lub Rau Hli 12): PTL tshaj tawm Tshooj 11 kev lag luam.
1988 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5): Jim Bakker raug foob los ntawm tsoomfwv cov nqi rau kev xa ntawv thiab xov tooj dag.
1989 (Lub Kaum Hli): Bakker raug pom tias ua txhaum ntawm kev xa ntawv thiab xaim dag. Nws raug txim plaub caug tsib xyoos nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj.
1990 (Tsib Hlis): Morris Cerullo, nrog rau ib pab pawg neeg ua lag luam Malaysian, yuav PTL rau $ 52,000,000, $ 7,000,000 rau satellite network thiab $ 45,000,000 rau 2,200-acre Heritage USA complex. Cerullo renamed lub tiaj ua si tshiab cuab yeej cuab tam USA.
1990 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14): Bakker raug pom tias ua txhaum cai ntawm kev dag ntxias hauv chav kawm thiab raug yuam kom them $ 129,700,000 hauv kev puas tsuaj.
1991 (Lub Ob Hlis): Lub tsev hais plaub txiav txim siab txo Bakker txoj lus rau kaum yim xyoo.
1992 (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis): Bakker cov kab lus raug txo mus rau yim xyoo.
1994 (Lub Xya Hli): Bakker raug tso tawm hauv tsev loj cuj.
1997 (Kaum Ib Hlis): New Heritage USA kaw.
1998: Bakker sib yuav Lori Graham.
2003: Bakker pib Lub Jim Bakker Show.
2007 (Lub Xya Hli 20): Tammy Faye tuag tom qab mob qog noj ntshav mus rau nws lub ntsws thiab qaum.
2008: Bakker tsiv mus rau Blue Eye, Missouri pib Morningside.
2020 (Lub Peb Hlis): Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws tswj hwm thiab Tus Kws Lij Choj General los ntawm New York thiab Missouri tau hais kom Bakker kom tsis txhob muag cov nyiaj colloidal raws li kev kho rau COVID-19.
2021 (Lub Rau Hli): Tus Kws Lij Choj hauv Missouri tau tshaj tawm txog kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub xeev kev foob rau Bakker.
FOUNDER / GROUP KEEB KWM
Jim Bakker yug rau lub Ib Hlis 2, 1940, hauv Muskegon, Michigan, rau cov niam txiv Raleigh thiab Furnia Bakker. Raleigh yog ib tug kws kho tshuab ntawm cov nroj tsuag piston thiab Furnia yog ib tus tswv tsev. Bakker loj hlob hauv tsev neeg Pentecostal nruj. Nws txiv ib zaug ntxuav nws lub qhov ncauj nrog xab npum rau hais tias "Gee whiz" thiab nws niam "tshaj tawm cov qauv ceev ceev ntawm kev huv." Ib txhia ntawm nws qhov kev nco ntxov tshaj plaws yog ib daim duab peb-taw siab ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag uas dai hauv nws chav tsev kawm hnub Sunday thaum nws thiab lwm tus menyuam hu nkauj, “Nws lub qhov muag saib koj, koj, koj: (Wigger 2017: 10). Thaum nws nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, Bakker pib tawm ntawm nws lub plhaub. Nws tau koom nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv xov xwm, deejayed seev cev, thiab tuav cov yeeb yam nrov ntau yam.
Ob qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv lub neej tau tshwm sim rau Bakker thaum tseem hluas. Thaum nws muaj kaum ib xyoos, nws raug thab plaub los ntawm ib tug txiv neej (Bakker hu ua Russell) los ntawm nws lub tsev teev ntuj. Kev tsim txom tau siv sijhawm ntau xyoo. Qhov xwm txheej thib ob tshwm sim ob peb xyoos tom qab thaum Bakker muaj kaum rau. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1956, nws tau khiav dhau peb xyoos Jimmy Summerfield hauv nws txiv lub 1952 Cadillac.
Hauv Bakker txoj kev qhia, khiav hla Summerfield (leej twg dim ntawm qhov xwm txheej) tau yaum nws mus kawm North Central Bible College hauv Minneapolis, qhov chaw uas nws tau cuv npe hauv 1959. Ntawm North Central, Bakker txuas ntxiv koom nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv xov xwm thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Thaum nws yog ib tug kawm qib kaum ob, nws tau ntsib Tammy LaValley, uas nws nug 
sib yuav tom qab peb hnub. Lawv tau sib yuav thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1961. Tom qab sib yuav, cov Bakkers tau tawm mus thiab tau los ua Pentecostal tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov yog lawv cov puppet yeeb yam, uas Tammy coj mus rau lub neej, muab cov menyuam roj hmab suab thiab cwm pwm. [Duab ntawm txoj cai]
Tus menyuam dev ua yeeb yam sai sai tau txais kev mloog ntawm Pat Robertson, tus tsim ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb TV tshaj tawm Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN). Lawv thawj qhov yeeb yam, pib hu ua Los Nyob Hla tab sis hloov mus rau lub Jim thiab Tammy Show los cuam tshuam cov tub ntxhais hluas cov koob npe, premiered nyob rau lub Cuaj hli 1965.
Bakker kuj tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ua tus nrhiav nyiaj txiag zoo thaum CBN lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1965 telethon. Lub hom phiaj nrhiav nyiaj xyoo ntawd yog $120,000, nce ntawm $40,000 xyoo dhau los. Raws li lub telethon hnav, nws tau pom tseeb tias qhov chaw nres tsheb yuav tsis mus txog nws lub hom phiaj. Tom qab Bakker qhov kev thov kua muag rau cov nyiaj, kev cog lus tau nchuav rau hauv, nce nyiaj txaus los them cov nuj nqis ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb thiab cov nyiaj ua haujlwm rau xyoo tom ntej. Telethon hauv qab no tau sib npaug.
Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag ua tiav tau ua rau Bakker muaj kev ntseeg siab txaus los coj nws lub tswv yim rau kev hais lus Christian rau Robertson. Thaum cov Bakkers tab tom mus tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo, lawv decompressed hmo ntuj los ntawm kev saib cov Hmo no Qhia nrog Johnny Carson. Bakker xav tsim ib qho kev lom zem zoo sib xws rau cov neeg ntseeg ntseeg. Cov yeeb yam tshiab, lub 700 Club, debuted lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1966.
Thaum xyoo 1972, Jim thiab Tammy pib xav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm CBN. Ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm ntseeg tias lawv yog "prima donnas" thiab Bakker thiab Robertson tau sib cav txog kev sib tw rau qhov chaw nres tsheb. Bakker xav kom nws 100 feem pua Christian thaum Robertson xav nthuav CBN cov neeg tuaj saib los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv ntiaj teb xws li Cia Nws mus rau Beaver, Dick Van Dyke Show, Thiab Gilligan's Island. Thaum nws pom tseeb tias nws yuav tsis mus rau nws txoj kev, Bakker tau tawm ntawm CBN thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1972. Bakkers tau tsim lawv tus kheej lub koom haum tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, Trinity Broadcasting Systems (TBS), uas tau pom zoo los ua haujlwm hauv California thaum Lub Rau Hli. 1973. Bakker kuj tau pib ua yeeb yam tshiab, tus PTL Club, luv luv rau "Qhib Vajtswv."
Raws li tau tshwm sim ntawm CBN, Jim thiab Paul Crouch, nws tus khub tshiab ntawm TBS, tau sib tsoo ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb. Txawm hais tias lawv yog Pentecostals, Crouch thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tsis nyiam Bakker cov style flamboyant. Lawv kuj tawm tsam nyiaj txiag. Thaum kawg ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1973, Jim thiab Tammy tau poob hauj lwm dua. Cov khub niam txiv tsiv dua. Lub sijhawm no mus rau Charlotte, North Carolina, pib dua lwm lub chaw TV, PTL.
PTL tau loj hlob sai heev hauv ib nrab xyoo 1970s. PTL nthuav dav nws cov chaw nres tsheb, tsim lub network satellite, yuav cov khoom tshiab, thiab pib ua haujlwm hauv Latin America, Europe, Africa, thiab Asia. Xyoo 1974, tsuas muaj ib nrab kaum tus neeg ua haujlwm. Los ntawm 1979, muaj 700 tus neeg ua haujlwm.
Cov xyoo no kuj pom Bakker ntawm nws qhov tshiab tshaj plaws. Ntawm PTL, Bakker txuas ntxiv tsim cov qauv kev hais lus kom nws cuam tshuam thiab txaus siab. Cov qhua suav nrog Little Richard, Colonel Sanders, [Duab ntawm txoj cai] yav dhau los Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver, bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, Maria Von Trapp ntawm Suab Nkauj Kho Siab, Hustler magazine tshaj tawm Larry Flynt, Apollo astronaut James Irwin, cov neeg ua yeeb yam Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Dean Jones, Mr. T, Dale Evans, thiab Roy Rogers, Watergate daim duab Chuck Colson, thiab World Heavyweight boxing champion George Foreman.
Ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab tseem ceeb yog satellite network, uas nws tau pib thaum ntxov 1978. Lub satellite network tau tso cai rau PTL rau huab cua programming nees nkaum plaub teev hauv ib hnub. Tsuas yog HBO thiab Ted Turner qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Atlanta yeej PTL rau hauv qhov chaw.
Qhov kev hloov tshiab tom ntej no yog Heritage USA, uas Bakker tsoo hauv av rau lub Ib Hlis 2, 1978. Ib feem zej zog, ib feem ntawm pawg ntseeg kev qhuab qhia, thiab ib qho chaw so, Heritage USA tau loj hlob mus rau 2,300 acres, muaj 500-chav tsev so, ib qho chaw ua dej loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lub tsev zoo nkauj, kev caij nees caij nees, lub tsev hais plaub ntaus pob tesniv, lub tsev rau cov niam txiv tsis tau sib yuav, kev ua si ntawm Upper Room, Billy Graham lub tsev thaum yau, lub tsev rau cov menyuam tsis taus, 
me me kev tsheb ciav hlau, paddleboats, lub xeev-of-the-art TV studio, thiab ntau lub tsev nyob thiab kev tsim vaj tsev. [Duab ntawm txoj cai] Los ntawm 1986, nws yog ib qho chaw nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kos 6,000,000 tus neeg tuaj xyuas xyoo ntawd, peb tsuas yog rau Disneyland thiab Disney World.
Kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag rau Heritage USA tsis yog tib qho kev ntxhov siab hauv Bakker lub neej. Nws txoj kev sib yuav kuj poob sib nrug, feem ntau yog los ntawm nws txoj kev xav nrog kev tsim cuab yeej cuab tam USA thiab Tammy tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Don Hardister, PTL lub taub hau ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thaum lub sijhawm, nco ntsoov tias nws "yog lub sijhawm nyuaj siab, nyuaj siab" (Wigger 2021). Txawm hais tias lawv cov nyiaj sib txawv thiab tau hloov nrog lub sijhawm, Bakker thiab Jessica Hahn, uas yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv hnub nyoog nees nkaum ib xyoos thaum lub sijhawm, ob leeg pom zoo tias lawv tau sib deev thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1980, hauv Clearwater Beach, Florida, chav tsev so. Txhawm rau khaws qhov xwm txheej tsis pub lwm tus paub, qee tus thawj coj ntawm PTL, nrog cov nyiaj los ntawm tus neeg cog lus Roe Messner, tau them Hahn $ 265,000 hauv cov nyiaj tsis txaus.
Tsis muaj dab tsi ntawm PTL tuaj pheej yig. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1983, thaum sim nrhiav nyiaj los tsim $ 25,000,000, 500-chav Heritage Grand Hotel, Bakker tau los ntawm kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag yooj yim. Hauv kev pauv rau ib zaug khoom plig ntawm $ 1,000, Bakker tau cog lus 25,000 "cov neeg koom nrog lub neej" tias lawv yuav tau txais plaub hnub thiab peb hmo pub dawb nyob hauv Heritage Grand txhua xyoo rau tag nrho lawv lub neej. Bakker pib txhawb txoj kev sib koom ua neej nyob rau saum huab cua thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1984. Thaum Lub Xya Hli, PTL tau muag ntau dua 25,000 kev koom tes thiab tau txais ntau dua 13,000 kev cog lus. Qhov no tsuas yog thawj zaug ntawm ntau lub neej kev koom tes rau lwm qhov kev tsim kho, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lwm 500-chav tsev so, cov cuab yeej cuab tam, uas tsis tau ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, PTL cov neeg txhawb nqa tau yuav ntau dua 150,000 kev koom tes hauv lub neej.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 19, 1987, Bakker tau tawm ntawm PTL tom qab nws sim nrog Hahn los ua pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj hu nrog reporters thiab editors los ntawm lub Charlotte Soj Ntsuam, thaum lub sij hawm nws tau nyeem los ntawm cov lus npaj, Bakker tau hais tias, nws tau raug "ua phem los ntawm cov phooj ywg yav dhau los thiab tom qab ntawd cov npoj yaig uas ua phem rau kuv nrog kev pab ntawm ib tug poj niam koom nrog" ("Jim Bakker" 1987). Nws kuj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas Bakker qhov kev iab liam kev nyiam poj niam txiv neej tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem, txawm tias Bakker tsis kam lees cov kev tshwm sim no raws li kev cog lus. Tsis ntev tom qab nws tawm haujlwm, Bakker tau muaj kev sib tham nrog tus kws tshaj lij kev cai raus dej Jerry Falwell, uas Bakker tau xaiv vim nws ntshai tias nws tus khub Pentecostal thiab tus neeg sib tw, Jimmy Swaggart, tau pom PTL satellite network thiab Heritage USA. Bakker thiab Falwell cov nyiaj sib txawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham. Bakker tau hais tias Falwell tau thawb nws kom tso tseg kev tswj hwm ntawm PTL thiab tias nws yuav ua haujlwm li peb caug rau cuaj caum hnub kom txog thaum Hahn zaj dab neeg ploj mus, cia Bakker rov qab mus rau nws txoj haujlwm ua tus thawj tswj hwm, tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab tus xibhwb ntawm lub pawg ntseeg. Falwell tau thov tias nws yog Bakker uas tau hais kom nws los tuav thiab tsis muaj sijhawm rau nws rov qab los.
Thaum Falwell tus accountants thaum kawg tau nkag mus rau PTL phau ntawv, lawv xav tsis thoob thaum pom tias PTL yog $ 65,000,000 hauv nuj nqis thiab poob $ 2 lab ib hlis thiab txij li xyoo 1984 txog 1986, nws siv $ 40,000,000 ntau dua li nws tau coj mus. rau hauv nuj nqis, Bakkers txuas ntxiv vam meej. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 1984 thiab Lub Peb Hlis 1987, piv txwv li, Bakkers tau txais $ 4.800,000 hauv cov nyiaj hli thiab nyiaj tshwj xeeb. Tsuas yog ob peb tus neeg sab hauv, tsis muaj leej twg tau npaj rau cov lej no. Tom qab tshawb pom PTL cov nuj nqis thiab cov nyiaj them rau Bakkers, Falwell tau tshaj tawm tias Bakker tau hloov PTL mus rau "kab khaus thiab mob qog noj ntshav ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv" (Leland 1987).
Kev tshwm sim ntawm Hahn hush nyiaj thiab PTL lub xeev nyiaj txiag tau txais kev saib xyuas ntawm tsoomfwv cov tswj hwm. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1988, tsoomfwv cov neeg txiav txim plaub tau foob Bakker rau kev foob xa ntawv thiab xaim kev dag. Qhov kev sim tom ntej no tau tsom mus rau Bakker qhov kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag ntawm 1983 thiab 1987, lossis xyoo thaum lub neej kev koom tes raug muag. Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws cov kws lij choj tau liam tias Bakker tau paub txog kev muag khoom lub neej kev koom tes txhawm rau txhawm rau npog PTL cov nuj nqis loj thiab txhawb nqa nws txoj kev ua neej zoo nkauj.
Tom qab muaj kev ntxhov siab tsib lub hlis mus sib hais, uas tau pib thaum Lub Yim Hli 1989, thiab thaum lub sijhawm tus neeg tim khawv poob rau ntawm qhov muag thiab Bakker tau ntsib kev puas siab puas ntsws, ib pawg neeg txiav txim pom nws ua txhaum ntawm kev xa ntawv thiab xov tooj dag. [Duab ntawm sab xis] Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws tus kws txiav txim plaub Robert Potter, tseem hu ua "Maximum Bob," tau txiav txim rau Bakker rau plaub caug-tsib xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Tom qab lub rooj sib hais tau txo nws cov kab lus, Bakker raug tso tawm hauv tsev loj cuj thaum Lub Xya Hli 1994.
Nws tawm hauv tsev lojcuj los hloov ib tug txiv neej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws tau tso tseg txoj moo zoo txoj moo zoo hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm tom tsev loj cuj, Kuv Tsis Yog. Hauv tsev lojcuj, nws muaj sijhawm los kawm Vajlugkub zoo, ib yam uas nws tsis saib xyuas thaum nws tab tom khiav PTL. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, nws lees txim tias nws tau "tau xav txog kev tsim cuab yeej cuab tam USA" thiab "nyiaj [yuav] tseem ceeb dua li kev ua haujlwm" (Bakker 1996). Nws txawm siv zog ntau dua hauv nws qhov kev tsis lees paub txoj moo zoo txoj kev vam meej hauv nws phau ntawv 1998, Kev vam meej thiab Kev Los Ntawm Apocalypse. Hauv phau ntawv, nws tau hais tias nws tau tshaj tawm "Disneyland txoj moo zoo" thiab lees paub qhov tsis ncaj ncees ntawm nws txoj kev ua neej thiab nyiaj hli ntawm PTL.
Thaum Bakker tab tom sim kho nws cov duab, Heritage USA poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj. Feem ntau ntawm nws tau hloov mus rau hauv Charlotte lub suburbs, tab sis, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2004, Xibhwb Rick Joyner yuav tsib caug-ob daim av ntawm cov qub cuab yeej cuab tam teb chaws USA. Joyner txoj hauj lwm qhuab qhia tau kho cov cuab yeej cuab tam Grand rau hauv qhov chaw khiav tawm thiab lub rooj sib tham, tab sis Cov Ntauwd tseem yog lub plhaub.
Tom qab sib nrauj Bakker thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1992, Tammy tau sib yuav Roe Messner, tus neeg cog lus uas tsim feem ntau ntawm Heritage USA, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1993. Nws kuj tau pib ua nws txoj haujlwm. Pib txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1995, nws tau koom ua lub koom txoos Jim J. thiab Tammy Faye Show nrog openly gay actor Jim J. Bullock. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, Tammy tau dhau los ua gay icon. Bullock tau xav tias cov neeg gay puag Tammy vim tias, "Nws txawv thiab txawv thiab tsis haum rau hauv ib qho pwm"
(Wigger 2017: 333). Bullock thiab Tammy tau muab tsib caug qhia ua ke ua ntej nws raug kuaj mob qog noj ntshav hauv lub Peb Hlis 1996. Peb xyoos tom qab, nws tau ua yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab, Qhov muag ntawm Tammy Faye, piav qhia los ntawm RuPaul Charles. Cov yeeb yaj kiab, uas tau piav qhia nws ntau dua li tus poj niam ntawm tus xibhwb uas tsis txaus ntseeg thiab hais txog nws qhov kev ua siab dawb thiab kev ua siab ntev, yeej nws cov neeg qhuas tshiab. Xyoo 2004, nws tau ua yeeb yam nrog ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam xws li Erik Estrada, Traci Bingham, Vanilla Ice, Trishelle Cannatella, thiab Ron Jeremy hauv lub caij ob ntawm VH1 series, Lub Neej Tsis Zoo Tshaj. [Duab ntawm sab xis] Tammy Faye tuag thaum Lub Xya Hli 20, 2007.
Bakker tau rov qab los rau nws cov hauv paus hniav los ntawm kev nrhiav nyiaj txiag, tus tsim lub teb chaws Ottoman, thiab tus tswv tsev TV. Lub Ib Hlis 2, 2003, Bakker rov qab mus rau TV, hosting Lub Jim Bakker Show los ntawm Studio City Café hauv Branson, Missouri. Bakker, uas xav tias nws yuav tsis rov qab los rau TV, pom tau tias muaj mob rau ob lub hlis ua ntej mus rau qhov yeeb yam premiere. Bakker tau hais tias "Nws txaus ntshai heev kom rov qab mus rau saum huab cua," Bakker hais. "Tab sis kuv tau siv 40 xyoo ntawm kuv lub neej nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub koob yees duab, thiab thawj lub lis piam rov qab, kuv thaum kawg xav zoo li kuv tau rov qab los tsev." Txawm hais tias nws txoj haujlwm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau cov hnub ci ntsa iab ntawm xyoo 1980, Bakker vam tias nws txoj kev rov qab los yuav ua rau tib neeg "cia siab tias yav dhau los tuaj yeem dhau los, uas Vajtswv siv tau txawm tias lawv tau dhau los" (Buckstaff 2003).
Tsib xyoos tom qab nws rov qab los, Bakker tau tsiv mus rau Blue Eye, Missouri, txog peb caug mais sab hnub poob ntawm Branson, qhov chaw nws tam sim no khiav Morningside. Nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws qhov loj me me, ze li txhua yam ntawm Morningside zoo li cuab yeej cuab tam USA. Nws façade zoo nkaus li zoo li Heritage Grand Hotel thiab nws sab hauv Grace Street zoo ib yam li Main Street ntawm Heritage USA. Grace Street kuj muaj cov tsev nyob, TV teeb, tsev noj mov, tsev teev ntuj, kev zoo nkauj salon thiab spa, khw muag khoom, thiab xinesmas. [Duab #6] Morningside, uas raug nqi kwv yees li $ 25,000,000, tau txais nyiaj los ntawm tus neeg lag luam Jerry Crawford, uas tau lees paub Bakker nrog txuag nws txoj kev sib yuav ntawm kev mus rau PTL hauv 1986 (McKinney 2017).
Bakker cov yeeb yam tshiab muaj ib txhiab xyoo, prepper xav. Nws muag cov khoom uas nws xav tias tib neeg yuav xav tau thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov, suav nrog cov thoob cov khoom noj khov qhuav, cov khoom siv mus pw hav zoov, cov tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci, thiab cov lim dej. Nws cov qhua kuj xav txog cov lus tshiab no. Bakker thiab nws cov qhua feem ntau tham txog yuav ua li cas cov xwm txheej tam sim no yog cov cim qhia ntawm Khetos txoj kev rov qab los (Funk 2018).
Lub sijhawm no, Bakker kuj tau koom nrog kev nom kev tswv. Thaum nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm PTL, nws feem ntau zam kev ua nom ua tswv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib cais kab lis kev cai, tab sis txij li thaum nws tau txais lawv. Nws yog ib tus neeg txhawb nqa lub suab ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Donald Trump ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab nws tus thawj tswj hwm.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2020, Bakker raug kev txom nyem yam nws tus tub tau piav tias yog "mob stroke me" (Marusak 2020).
DOCTRINES / TXHEEJ TXHEEM
Bakker txoj kev ntseeg tuaj yeem tawg ua ob lub sijhawm sib txawv. Thawj zaug, thaum nws hnub PTL, yog nyob ib ncig ntawm txoj moo zoo txoj kev vam meej. Raws li ib tug kws tshaj lij kev vam meej, Bakker ntseeg tias kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nplua nuj yog qhov qhia txog Vajtswv txoj kev nyiam. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Bakker txoj kev vam meej cov lus yog "cov noob kev ntseeg." Lub tswv yim yog yooj yim zoo nkauj: qhov ntau muab rau ib tug ntseeg kev qhuab qhia, ntau tus yuav cia siab tias yuav tau koob hmoov. Qhov tsawg tus muab, qhov tsawg tus yuav cia siab tias yuav vam meej. Qhov no yog ib lub sijhawm uas tus kws sau keeb kwm Kate Bowler tau sau tias "kev vam meej nyuaj," uas "txoj kab ncaj nraim ntawm lub neej thiab cov neeg ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg" (Bowler 2013: 97). Bakker's version ntawm txoj moo zoo txoj kev vam meej yog hais txog ntau tshaj li kev khwv nyiaj txiag, txawm li cas los xij. PTL embodied dab tsi ib co historians tau hu ua "txoj moo zoo ntawm lub neej nplua nuj," ib lo lus uas muaj ntau tshaj li txoj moo zoo txoj kev vam meej. Cov neeg tuaj xyuas Heritage USA (nrog rau cov neeg saib hauv TV) tau hnov txog yuav ua li cas ua lub neej kom tiav los ntawm kev tawm dag zog thiab noj qab haus huv thiab kev sib deev lub neej.
Muab qhwv rau hauv cov lus kev vam meej no yog lub zeem muag ntawm ib tug neeg Amelikas yav dhau los. Bakker blatantly qiv los ntawm Magic Kingdom's "Frontierland" thiab "Main Street USA" los tsim "pastiche ntawm iconic Americana." Tej zaum nws yuav tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lub tiaj ua si nrov Passion Play muaj hnub qhib thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, 1984 (Johnson 2014).
Qhov thib ob, thiab nws feem ntau tam sim no, tau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub apocalypse. Xyoo 1998, Bakker sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv, Prsperity thiab Comin Apocalypse, “Nyob rau hauv ib lub ntsiab lus, cov lus tshiab [yog] qhov no: lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev vam meej dhau lawm; Lub sijhawm txaus ntshai yog nyob rau ntawm peb, qhov kawg ntawm lub hnub nyoog yog nyob ntawm tes” (Bakker 1998: 6). Raws li historian Matthew Avery Sutton tau taw qhia, apocalypticism yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm American evangelicalism txij li thaum lub xyoo pua puv 2014, surfacing "thaum lub sij hawm tseem ceeb hauv American keeb kwm" (Sutton 7: 11). Bakker's apocalypticism tau nce siab tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm lub Cuaj Hlis 2001, 2012. Hauv nws phau ntawv XNUMX, Sijhawm Tau Los, Bakker tau thov kom muaj lub zeem muag ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab nag xob nag cua Katrina. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2020, nws tau thov tias COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw yog qhov ua tiav ntawm cov lus faj lem uas nws tau txais lub hli dhau los.
Bakker tau dhau los ua kev nom kev tswv ntau dua thiab, feem ntau txhawb txoj cai kev koom ua ke pom. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2017, nws tau hais tias leej twg uas tawm tsam Thawj Tswj Hwm Donald Trump yuav ntsib Vajtswv txoj kev npau taws. "Vajtswv ua ib yam dab tsi," nws hais hauv nws cov yeeb yaj kiab TV. “Vajtswv hais lus. Vajtswv tab tom tuav. Thiab kuv yuav qhia koj li cas, Kuv yuav tsis dag nrog Trump. Koj yuav tsum ceev faj zoo dua, vim kuv xav qhia rau koj, yuav muaj kev txiav txim tuaj yog tias Amelikas tig rov qab rau qhov uas Vajtswv tau sim ua, vim Vajtswv tabtom sim cawm Amelikas” (Mantyla 2017). Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2018, nws tau thov tias kev tawm tsam rau Trump yog lub cim qhia tias "Asmeskas tab tom ua tsov rog tawm tsam Vajtswv" (Mantyla 2018). Thaum lub sijhawm xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm xyoo 2020, Bakker tau tawm tswv yim tias cov ntseeg muaj lub luag haujlwm los pov npav vim hais tias sab nraud yog "pov npav rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg, thiab lawv txoj kev ntseeg yog Dab Ntxwg Nyoog pe hawm." Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2021, Bakker tau tuav peb-hnub telethon nrog sau tseg 2020 kev xaiv tsa kev koom ua ke theorist Mike Lindell thaum lub sijhawm lawv muag hauv ncoo thiab txhawb kev xaiv tsa kev dag ntxias (Edwards 2021).
Cov lus apocalyptic tau zoo li ua haujlwm rau Bakker. Raws li xyoo 2017, Morningside tau qhib ob lub tsev tshiab. Lub Loj Liab Barn yog rau cov dab neeg siab, muaj qhov chaw rau nees, thiab muaj txaus cia rau ntau lab tus neeg muaj sia nyob, raws li Bakker. Lori Lub Tsev, lub npe hu ua Lori Bakker, yog lub tsev rau cov niam txiv uas tsis tau muaj txij nkawm uas muab vaj tse dawb, zaub mov, thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam uas cov poj niam cev xeeb tub xav tau.
Rituals / kev xyaum
Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntau yam kev coj ua ntawm Heritage USA yog kev ntseeg tob hauv Vajntsujplig txoj kev coj. Txoj kev ntseeg no tau ua nws tus kheej tawm hauv ntau txoj hauv kev. Thawj zaug yog txoj hauv kev uas Bakker feem ntau tham txog nyiaj. Kev mloog rov qab mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub kaum cuaj thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua nees nkaum txoj kev ntseeg kev txav mus los, Bakker feem ntau tau mus rau hauv cov phiaj xwm kim kim uas tsis muaj peev nyiaj tsawg, ntseeg tias Vajtswv yuav muab. Bakker tau sau xyoo 1977 tias, “Qee tus neeg xav tias koj xav tau nyiaj ntau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ua ntej koj tuaj yeem pib ua haujlwm hauv kev ntseeg. Kuv yeej tsis muaj…Nco ntsoov, qhov tseeb tsis suav thaum koj muaj Vajtswv txoj lus ntawm qhov kev kawm” (Wigger 2017: 63).
Qhov thib ob, Bakker tau ua raws li cov ntawv sau tsis raug ntawm nws qhov kev sib tham txhua hnub. Tsis zoo li lwm tus tswv tsev tham, suav nrog Johnny Carson, Bakker tsis tshua siv cov ntawv sau thiab yuav luag tsis tau tham ua ntej cov qhua, es tsis txhob cia siab rau kev coj ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig. Nws ib zaug hais tias, “Kuv tsis xav tias ib hom ntawv twg tau tawm los ntawm txoj kev uas tau sau tseg,” nws ib zaug hais tias, “Vim tias nws zoo li peb lub tsev teev ntuj ntau dua thiab qhov ntawd yuav yog los ntawm kev tshoov siab…. Yog Vajtswv tus ntsuj plig txav mus, peb yuav nyob nrog txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim” (US v. Bakker, vol. 9, 1647). Hom ntawv no feem ntau ua rau cov yeeb yam muaj kev ntxhov siab, tsis paub txog, tab sis nws zoo nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo ntawm kev tsis lees paub nyeem cov lus qhuab qhia lossis kev thov Vajtswv.
Ib qho kev sib tw nrhiav nyiaj txiag ntawm PTL yog lub xyoo telethons. Rau rau rau lossis xya teev ib hnub ntawm TV nyob, Bakker tau mus "mus rau hauv hom huckster" (Wigger 2017: 139) nrhiav nyiaj rau ntau qhov haujlwm kim ntawm Heritage USA. Lub xov tooj tseem ceeb ntawm xyoo 1983, "Koj thiab Peb Ua Ke," txawm muaj nws tus kheej zaj nkauj.
Rau cov neeg tuaj xyuas Heritage USA, Bakker txoj kev ntseeg txoj kev vam meej tsis yog cov lus qhuab qhia xwb, tab sis kev ua neej nyob. Cov qhua tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev cob qhia txog tsev neeg, kev sib deev, kev noj qab haus huv, kev ua niam txiv, kev sib raug zoo, nyiaj txiag, kev noj haus, thiab kev tawm dag zog. Cov kev cob qhia no, muaj nyob rau hauv Total Learning Center, yog ib qho tseem ceeb, raws li John Wigger, tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Bakker, vim tias lawv "muab PTL rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm nrog tib neeg ntsej muag es tsis yog saum huab cua thiab muab lwm qhov kos rau. cov neeg tuaj rau Heritage USA” (Wigger 2017: 132).
cov PTL Club kuj qhia cov neeg kom ua lub neej zoo li Vajtswv thiab nplua nuj. Ib lub ntsiab lus nrov ntawm kev sib tham thaum sib tham yog kev hloov siab los ntseeg zoo heev. Cov qhua zoo li Little Richard, Larry Flynt, thiab Eldridge Cleaver tau hais ncaj ncees txog qhov uas tus Tswv cawm lawv dim ntawm txoj kev txhaum. Lwm cov qhua xws li Norman Vincent Peale, Merlin Carothers, Robert Schuller, thiab Frances thiab Charles Hunter tau muab lus qhia txog "yuav ua li cas hlub koj tus kheej, poob phaus, txhim kho koj txoj kev sib yuav, thiab ncav cuag koj lub peev xwm" (Wigger 2017: 67).
Bakker's new TV program, the Jim Bakker Qhia, tau txuas ntxiv nthuav qhia cov qhua uas muab tswv yim yuav ua li cas ua neej nyob Vajtswv thiab ntau lub neej, tab sis nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum. Cov qhua tau suav nrog New York Times Cov kws sau ntawv muag zoo tshaj plaws James Rickards, Jonathan Cahn, thiab Joel Richardson, cov thawj coj tub rog so haujlwm Michael Flynn, Jerry Boykin, thiab Robert Maginnis, thiab yav dhau los tus tswv xeev Arkansas Mike Huckabee.
ORGANIZATION / LEADERSHIP
Thaum pib, PTL kev coj noj coj ua, txawm tias qee zaum haphazard, ua haujlwm nrog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab, tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev nkag siab ntawm kev pom tseeb. PTL kev coj noj coj ua tau hloov pauv loj hauv xyoo 1977 thaum Richard Dortch pib nws txoj kev koom tes nrog kev ua haujlwm. Dortch, lub rooj sib txoos ntev ntawm Vajtswv tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Illinois, tau ua rau txhua tus cwj pwm phem tshaj plaws ntawm Bakker. Raws li nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua, PTL cov thawj coj tau dhau los ua neeg zais cia.
Thaum nws ua tus saib xyuas PTL, Bakker yog micromanager. Nws obsessed tshaj txhua yam, txawm li cas me me, ntawm Heritage USA, feem ntau ua unrealistic xav tau rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Pawg thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj tau ntsib ntau zaus thiab Bakker feem ntau tsis paub tias lwm tus ntawm pawg thawj coj coj coj li cas lossis siv lub luag haujlwm nyiaj txiag.
TEEB MEEM / CHALLENGES
PTL tau ntsib ntau qhov kev sib tw thaum nws muaj. Ib tug yog kev ntseeg. Txawm hais tias nws muaj koob meej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Pentecostal, Bakker txoj kev ntseeg txoj kev vam meej tau muaj teeb meem. Jimmy Swaggart, lwm lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb ntawm Vajtswv tus thawj coj, tau qhib siab rau Bakker cov lus muaj kev vam meej. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1987, Swaggart cov ntawv xov xwm txhua hli tau rub tawm ntawm Heritage USA thiab txhua yam nws sawv cev, mus kom deb li deb kom sib npaug Bakker txoj kev ntseeg nrog qee qhov kev xav niaj hnub no, suav nrog Darwinism, Freudianism, Marxism, thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Lwm qhov, Swaggart tau hais tias PTL "yog mob qog noj ntshav uas yuav tsum tau tshem tawm ntawm Khetos lub cev" (Gaillard 1987). Jerry Falwell, uas yog ib tug neeg ua kev cai raus dej, kuj tau ua phem rau Bakker txoj moo zoo txoj kev vam meej. "Kuv xav tias qhov kev ntseeg txoj kev vam meej no (dab tsi yog qee qhov hu ua kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ntseeg kev nplua nuj) yog qhov kev phem tshaj plaws uas tau tshaj tawm hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no," Falwell tau tawm tswv yim hauv 1987 (McClain 1987).
Bakker txoj kev ntseeg txoj kev vam meej kuj tau raug tshuaj xyuas thaum nws tseem fwv mus sim. Ib qho ntawm kev foob qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb yog tias Bakker yuam kev nws cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab pawg thawj coj ntawm PTL txhawm rau ua lub neej tsis zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm sim, cov pab cuam yav dhau los tau piav qhia tias Bakkers siv nyiaj li cas uas yuav tsum yog rau PTL ntawm furs, tsev, tsheb, phais yas, lub tsev, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab cov khaub ncaws tsim. Cov kev tshwm sim yog li ntawd shocking tias cov Charlotte Soj Ntsuam tau sau tseg, tom qab ib tus pab cuam yav dhau los ua pov thawj, tias hnub hauv tsev hais plaub yog "reminiscent ntawm 'Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous'" (Shepard 1989).
Rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej, cov xov xwm hauv tebchaws tau them nyiaj tsis txaus siab rau PTL. Qhov no txhua yam hloov pauv thaum qhov kev tsis txaus siab tawg hauv xyoo 1987, thiab PTL tau txais kev pabcuam dav dav hauv cov ntawv xov xwm loj xws li Los Angeles Times, lub New York Times, lub Washington Post, Teb chaws USA no, lub Chicago Tribune, Thiab cov Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ntau qhov kev pabcuam thaum ntxov, ntxiv rau kev npog Bakker qhov kev ua tsis zoo, tau nthuav tawm qhov sib sib zog nqus hauv cov neeg Asmeskas tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo raws li cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij xws li Jimmy Swaggart, John Ankerberg, Oral Roberts, Jerry Falwell, thiab Robert Schuller pauv barbs hauv xovxwm. Bakker liam Swaggart thiab Falwell ntawm kev koom tes los tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm PTL. Falwell thiab Swaggart tsis lees paub qhov kev sib koom tes. Swaggart tau lees paub, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev pib tshawb nrhiav Bakker txoj kev txhaum kev sib deev. Hauv nws qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Vajtswv, Bakker lub npe qub, kuj tsis lees paub tias tsis muaj kev koom tes los nyiag PTL. Cov ntawv xov xwm tau hais txog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo li "kev tsov rog dawb huv," "Godscam," "Godsgate," "Heaven'sgate," "Salvationgate," "Pearlygate," thiab "Gospelgate" (Ostling 1987).
Cov xov xwm tau txaus siab heev los ntawm PTL kev thuam uas, thaum Bakker qhov kev sim siab, cov neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum tuaj txog ntawm lub tsev hais plaub thaum 6 teev sawv ntxov rau lub rooj zaum thiab thaum ntxov li 4 teev sawv ntxov thaum cov neeg ua pov thawj hnub qub tau sawv. Cov xovxwm tau pab ua qhov kev sim ua circus. Sab nraum lub tsev hais plaub, cov neeg muag khoom muag khoom noj thiab cov khoom tshiab Jim thiab Tammy. Tom qab Bakker qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws puas tsuaj, lub xov tooj cua hauv zos tau muaj kev sib tw sib tw rau cov neeg saib kom lo lawv lub taub hau hauv qab lub rooj zaum raws li lawv ntseeg tias Bakker tau ua hauv nws tus kws lij choj lub chaw haujlwm. Cov Charlotte Observer, uas nws ua haujlwm ntawm PTL qhov kev txaj muag tau txais nws qhov khoom plig Pulitzer xyoo 1988, luam tawm "Down the Tube," ib qho lus dag ntawm pawg thawj coj ua si Chutes thiab Ladders. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev ua si yog ua kom PTL thiab Bakkers saib tsis zoo. Cov xov xwm tshwj xeeb yog ua phem rau Jessica Hahn, hu nws tias "tus poj niam ntawm West Babylon" thiab tus poj niam deev luag poj luag txiv.
Cov yeeb yam ua yeeb yam tawm feem ntau hauv TV, kos cov neeg tuaj saib rau cov yeeb yam zoo li Nightline thiab Larry tus huab tais nyob. Lub Plaub Hlis 1987, John Ankerberg tau mus ntxiv Larry tus huab tais nyob liam Bakker ntawm kev them nyiaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm pw ua ke, tso siab rau tus poj niam swapping ntawm PTL, thiab kev nyiam poj niam txiv neej. Cov Bakkers kuj siv TV rau lawv qhov zoo dua. tshwm rau Nightline Nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1987, lawv tig lub rooj rau lawv cov neeg tawm tsam los ntawm kev ua tiav lawv tus kheej cov neeg raug tsim txom. Bakker hais rau Ted Koppel tias nws tau ntseeg tias Jimmy Swaggart thiab Jerry Falwell "los ntawm no nrog lub siab xav nyiag Heritage USA thiab kuv txoj haujlwm. Kuv ua yuam kev loj heev” (Shepard 1987).
Thoob plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm, Bakker kuj tau ntsib kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tsoomfwv cov tswj hwm. Xyoo 1979, PTL tau ntsib thawj zaug nrog rau tsoomfwv cov tswj hwm. PTL tau liam tias tau nce $ 337,000 rau cov khoom siv hauv TV rau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb, tab sis tau hloov cov nyiaj los them lwm cov nqi, ua txhaum cai ntawm tsoomfwv. Bakker teb rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm kev tsis lees paub tias nws yog kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua phem thiab ua rau dab ntxwg nyoog. Kev tshawb nrhiav FCC tau xaus rau xyoo 1980.
Txoj haujlwm tshiab tsis tau ua yam tsis muaj kev sib cav. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2020, ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus kab mob coronavirus pandemic, tsoomfwv tswj hwm thiab Tus Kws Lij Choj General los ntawm New York thiab Missouri tau hais kom Bakker txwv tsis pub muag cov nyiaj colloidal los kho tus mob coronavirus. Raws li qhov kev foob, Bakker tau liam tias tau ua txhaum cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Khoom Noj, Tshuaj, thiab Tshuaj pleev ib ce los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nyiaj tsis zoo raws li kev kho mob tiv thaiv COVID-19. Qhov kev foob tau txiav txim rau lub Rau Hli 2021.
DLAWS
Duab # 1: Jim thiab Tammy Faye nrog lawv cov menyuam roj hmab.
Duab # 2: Jim thiab Colonel Sanders nyob rau ntawm lub teeb PTL Club.
Image #3: Heritage USA nkag.
Image # 4: Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Marshals coj Jim tawm ntawm chav tsev hais plaub.
Image #5: Cast of cov Surreal Lub Neej.
Duab #6: Txoj Kev Grace ntawm Morningside.
ua tim khawv
Bakker, Jim nrog Ken Abraham. Xyoo 1998. Kev vam meej thiab Kev Los Ntawm Apocalypse. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Bakker, Jim nrog Ken Abraham. Xyoo 1996. Kuv Tsis Yog. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Taub hau, Kate. 2013. Foom Koob Hmoov: Ib Keeb Kwm Los ntawm Txoj Kev Ntseeg Amelikas Amelikas. New York: Oxford University Press.
Buckstaff, Kathryn. 2003. "Rov qab hauv Lawv Txoj Kev Zoo." Springfield Xov Xwm Tus Thawj Coj, Lub Plaub Hlis 14.
Edwards, David. 2021. "Mike Lindell Teams Up with Televangelist Jim Bakker rau 3-hnub 'telethon' puv nrog kev xaiv tsa lus dag." Raw Dab Neeg, Cuaj hlis 14. Tau txais los ntawm https://www.rawstory.com/mike-lindell-jim-bakker/ nyob rau 12 lub Kaum Hlis 2022.
Funk, Tim. 2018. "Pluag PTL Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Rov Qab Los Nrog Xov Xwm Tshiab." Charlotte Soj Ntsuam, Ob Hlis 18.
Gaillard, Frye. 1987. "Tus Kws Txiav Txim Yuav Tau Muab Falwell Txais Tos Txais Tos Tawm." Charlotte Soj Ntsuam, Kaum Hlis 9.
"Jim Bakker: Tus Kheej Tus Kheej Ntau Tshaj Li Peb Tau Txais." Xyoo 1987. Charlotte Soj Ntsuam, Peb Hlis 20.
Johnson, Emily. 2014. "A Theme Park, a Scandal, and the Faded Ruins of a Televangelism Empire." Kev ntseeg & Kev nom kev tswv, Kaum Hlis 28. Tau txais los ntawm https://religionandpolitics.org/2014/10/28/a-theme-park-a-scandal-and-the-faded-ruins-of-a-televangelism-empire/ nyob rau 5 Lub Ib Hlis 2023.
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Wigger, John. 2021. "Nyob hauv qab Txhua Daim Duab, Leej Twg Yog Tammy Faye tiag?" lub sib tham, Cuaj hlis 16. Tau txais los ntawm https://theconversation.com/underneath-all-the-makeup-who-was-the-real-tammy-faye-167023 nyob rau 5 Lub Ib Hlis 2023.
Wigger, John. 2017. PTL: Sawv thiab Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg ntawm Jim thiab Tammy Faye Bakker's Evangelical Empire. New York: Oxford University Press.
Daim Ntawv Qhia Hnub:
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